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建筑学论文代写 While considering the great construction projects in the early history of the United Kingdom, it would be difficult to assume the lasting impression
Abstract
In the wake of dramatic results in the construction industry, megastructures particularly in the civil engineering segment continue to thrill to this day. With even more promising future in the industry, such as the famous Transatlantic Tunnel, it is worth to mention where engineering inspiration has been coming from in historical structures. In this discourse, the Britannia Bridge is revisited a source of great inspiration for the modern construction and future similar works. 建筑学论文代写
The study attempts to answer such questions as when, how, who and how big with regard t the details of the project from its design to completion. Alternatively, contained in the research is the civilization behind the project, the culture, and the contribution it must have made to the built environment. A critical analysis of the actual construction. And the materials used has been used to assist in the generation of a what-if analysis of a scenario of the project being built today.
译文：
摘要 建筑学论文代写
在建筑行业取得巨大成果之后，直到今天，特别是土木工程领域的巨型结构仍然令人兴奋。 随着行业前景更加广阔，例如著名的跨大西洋隧道，值得一提的是历史建筑中工程灵感的来源。 在这篇演讲中，不列颠尼亚大桥被重新审视，成为现代建筑和未来类似作品的重要灵感来源。
该研究试图回答诸如何时、如何、谁以及项目从设计到完成的细节等问题。 或者，研究中包含项目背后的文明、文化以及它必须对建筑环境做出的贡献。 对实际施工和所用材料的批判性分析已被用于协助对当前正在建设的项目的情景进行假设分析。
Britannia Bridge (Menai Strait, Wales)
Introduction
Great bridge works in history are perhaps an inspiration for the construction of more exhilarating works in today’s and in the future needs. It goes without saying that great future construction works such as the envisioned Transatlantic Tunnel will build a lot on the past successful works of a similar challenge. Linking some of the most successful earliest construction projects. That will spur growth in this built environment sector brings into the minds of engineers the contribution that suspension and tube bridges make. 建筑学论文代写
In European construction history, some of the earliest bridges of this nature to be constructed and that studies can reveal useful insights on their engineering cannot ignore the great Welsh works. In this discourse, the Britannia Bridge that connects the Anglesey Island with mainland of the country is analyzed to reveal the intricate details of the project from construction to completion and reconstruction (Anglesey Mon Information, 1). For purposes of comparison of factors, the geography of the area around the bridge is briefly discussed, with explanation of why a bridge was needed. A mention of a second bridge serving the same purpose as the Britannia Bridge is made with a brief explanation of its construction aspects enabling comparison with the main bridge of discussion.
译文：
不列颠尼亚大桥（威尔士梅奈海峡）
介绍
历史上伟大的桥梁工程也许是在今天和未来需要建造更令人振奋的工程的灵感。毋庸置疑，未来伟大的建设工程，例如设想中的跨大西洋隧道，将在过去类似挑战的成功工程的基础上进行大量建设。将一些最成功的最早建设项目联系起来，这些项目将刺激这个建筑环境领域的增长，让工程师们想起悬索桥和管桥所做的贡献。
在欧洲建筑史上，一些最早建造的这种性质的桥梁和研究可以揭示对其工程的有用见解，不能忽视伟大的威尔士工程。在这篇演讲中，对连接安格尔西岛和该国大陆的不列颠尼亚大桥进行了分析，以揭示该项目从建设到完工和重建的错综复杂的细节（Anglesey Mon Information, 1）。为了比较因素，简要讨论了桥梁周围地区的地理情况，并解释了为什么需要桥梁。提到第二座桥与不列颠尼亚桥的用途相同，并简要解释了其建筑方面，以便与讨论的主桥进行比较。
When
In the mid 19th century, it was perhaps very unimaginable to have a tube bridge connecting an island with the mainland but in 1826, the Menai Bridge was completed. Its capacity was overstretched over the years and it became clear that as the flow of important cargo and people from both sides needed intervention. There were communication and linkage challenges between the British towns of Dublin and London at the time, which inspired engineering brains to be put to task. 建筑学论文代写
Alternative link was identified as the main solution to the teething transportation challenge. This was made possible thanks to Robert Stephenson, who had to come up with an alternative route and structure to cater for the rising traffic. The journey of connection for these two major towns began in 1846 with an intention of cutting off more than six hours from the trip between them by way of a ferry (Kurrer, 76).
译文：
什么时候 建筑学论文代写
在 19 世纪中叶，有一座连接岛屿和大陆的管桥可能是非常难以想象的，但在 1826 年，梅奈桥建成了。 多年来，它的运力过度紧张，很明显，随着来自双方的重要货物和人员的流动，需要干预。 当时英国城镇都柏林和伦敦之间存在沟通和联系的挑战，这激发了工程师的大脑投入到任务中。
替代链接被确定为应对初期交通挑战的主要解决方案。 这要归功于罗伯特斯蒂芬森，他不得不想出替代路线和结构来满足不断增长的交通需求。 这两个主要城镇的连接之旅始于 1846 年，目的是通过渡轮将它们之间的行程切断六个多小时（Kurrer，76）。
Designing the Britannia Bridge
The design of the bridge was entrusted in the able hands of Robert Stephenson, an engineer and a son of a renowned locomotive engineer George Stephenson. Engineering design had to handle a few challenges that were present at the geography of the area. Menai Strait which has a variety of variations across its entire stretch had to be considered for the appropriate structure to be formulated for erection across the geography. Support system for the bridge was to tackle the turbulent current waters of the Strait at certain periods of the year and maintain the integrity of the structure as well.
Deliberations on the appropriate site to cross the Strait were made in light of other important factors such as distance and the stability of the ground from where the bridge was to be erected. Stephenson chose to erect the Bridge at a location where there is a midstream island known as the Britannia Rock for increased structural support to the ground. In hi design, the engineer chose piers for support of the tubular design of the railway which would run over the surface of the water inside the rectangular compartment. As mentioned earlier, the main inspiration of the design was partly due to the fact that the waterway was to be maintained without obscuring from structures such as the envisaged bridge.
译文：
设计不列颠尼亚大桥
这座桥的设计委托给罗伯特·斯蒂芬森（Robert Stephenson），他是一名工程师，也是著名机车工程师乔治·斯蒂芬森（George Stephenson）的儿子。工程设计必须应对该地区地理上存在的一些挑战。梅奈海峡在其整个延伸范围内具有多种变化，因此必须考虑为整个地理区域的架设制定适当的结构。桥梁的支撑系统是为了应对海峡在一年中的某些时期的湍流水域，并保持结构的完整性。
考虑到其他重要因素，例如距离和要架设桥梁的地面的稳定性，对跨海峡的适当地点进行了审议。斯蒂芬森选择在有一个被称为不列颠岩石的中游岛的位置建造桥梁，以增加对地面的结构支撑。在设计中，工程师选择了桥墩来支撑铁路的管状设计，该铁路将在矩形隔间内的水面上运行。正如前面提到的，设计的主要灵感部分是由于这样一个事实，即要维护水路，而不会遮挡设想中的桥梁等结构。
The Size
Robert Stephenson arrived at a designed that would allow Britannia Bridge structure to stretch over initial length of about 140 meters. An additional length was fixed at the ends of the bridge to extend it to 461 meters of total length. Suspension technique meant that the main part of the bridge had to have solid beams that went deep into the ground for support of the structure. Design issues had to come to terms with the size of the entire structure from one end to the other, particularly as guided b y the material that was used in the support as well as completion of the suspended tube. Despite variations in the distance apart between the island and the mainland this distance had to be arrived at as the shortest distance possible in consideration of other factors. 建筑学论文代写
Other stretch distances in the wide array of the Menai Strait’s width vary from 400m meters to over 1100 meters. Support system that was adopted for the bridge was to facilitate the ordinary shipping activities along the Strait without disruption. From such a design, the materials needed in the structural completion of the project were determined since the construction materials could be projected from the planning stage. Rectangular tubular structure was adopted for structural design that befitted the design of the time, for enhanced integrity over the entire distance. According t Brown (64), Stephenson made wide consultations regarding the choice of the cross section to use for the tube that would sustain its structural integrity across the entire length of the bridge. The author indicates that the best construction firms gave insights into the buildup of the arrival at a rectangular cross section which is much stringer that the rest.
译文：
规模 建筑学论文代写
罗伯特史蒂芬森设计了一个可以让不列颠尼亚大桥结构延伸到大约 140 米的初始长度的设计。在桥的两端固定了一个额外的长度，以将其延长至总长度为 461 米。悬挂技术意味着桥梁的主要部分必须有深入地下的实心梁以支撑结构。设计问题必须与从一端到另一端的整个结构的尺寸达成一致，特别是在支撑中使用的材料以及悬挂管的完成的引导下。尽管岛屿和大陆之间的距离有所不同，但考虑到其他因素，这个距离必须是尽可能短的距离。
美奈海峡宽阔阵列中的其他伸展距离从400米到1100多米不等。桥梁采用的支撑系统是为了方便海峡沿岸的普通航运活动而不受干扰。从这样的设计中，确定了项目结构完成所需的材料，因为建筑材料可以从规划阶段就进行预测。结构设计采用矩形管状结构，符合当时的设计，增强了整个距离的完整性。根据 t Brown (64) 的说法，Stephenson 就选择用于管子的横截面进行了广泛的协商，以保持其在整个桥梁长度上的结构完整性。作者指出，最好的建筑公司深入了解了矩形横截面的到达情况，该横截面比其他建筑公司要细得多。
The Civilization
Britain was at the heart of the industrial revolution and the daring nature of the British engineers can be said to have been contributed by the vibrancy of the new order that was prevailing in Europe. It was therefore at a time that the construction and engineering civilization was undergoing major transformations that the idea to build bridges for linking major geographical locations that Britannia Bridge was built. Mining had been boosted by the realization of the industrial age that Europe was experiencing, as illustrated by the wrought-iron technology that was in a wide application. Effectively, transformations were experienced in the transport sector as illustrated by the need to have a second bridge to connect an island with the mainland.建筑学论文代写
The civilization behind these transformations explains the technological peak that the rest of the European countries were achieving at the period outlined at the construction of the bridge. From the turn of the turn of the 18th century, Britain was a leading industrialization revolutionist which had to be kept updated since the rest of the continental Europe was fast catching up with the benefits of the revolution. To tap the opportunity presented by the revolution, construction industry was not taken for granted as depicted in this project.
译文：
文明
英国处于工业革命的中心，英国工程师的大胆天性可以说是由欧洲盛行的新秩序的活力所贡献的。因此，在建筑和工程文明正在发生重大转变的时候，建造连接主要地理位置的桥梁的想法建造了不列颠尼亚大桥。欧洲正在经历的工业时代的实现促进了采矿业的发展，正如广泛应用的锻铁技术所说明的那样。实际上，运输部门经历了转型，需要有第二座桥梁将岛屿与大陆连接起来。
这些转变背后的文明解释了其他欧洲国家在桥梁建设期间所实现的技术高峰。从 18 世纪之交开始，英国是领先的工业化革命者，由于欧洲大陆的其他地区正在迅速赶上革命的好处，因此必须不断更新。为了抓住革命带来的机遇，建筑业并没有像本项目中描述的那样被视为理所当然。
Culture
Following several transformations in the social setting in Britain and indeed the rest of Europe, there were certain cultural factors that must have been pivotal in the construction of the Britannia Bridge. One of the cultural factors is the modification of lifestyle that made it necessary to have the train mode of transport. Transportation system in Britain was characterized by traffic in adoption of the civilization established following the plateau phase of the industrial revolution. 建筑学论文代写
Before dissemination of the civilization to other parts of the world, the cultural interaction with technology was an ordinary occurrence in Britain. Traffic snarl-ups at the main bridge that was constructed earlier on were threatening to create a humanitarian crisis if people and cargo were not transported over the appropriate duration of time. It became enshrined in the cultural practices that reduced capacity of the Menai Bridge needed to be supplemented by construction of a new bridge. The building and construction culture was becoming popular and well outlined with a rare impetus being introduced into the bridge industry in the preceding years of the Britannia Bridge project (Brown, 64).
译文：
文化 建筑学论文代写
在英国乃至整个欧洲其他地区的社会环境发生了几次转变之后，某些文化因素在不列颠尼亚大桥的建设中一定是至关重要的。文化因素之一是生活方式的改变，这使得火车运输方式成为必要。英国交通系统的特点是交通采用工业革命高原阶段后建立的文明。
在文明传播到世界其他地方之前，与技术的文化互动在英国是家常便饭。如果人员和货物没有在适当的时间内运输，则较早建造的主桥的交通拥堵可能会造成人道主义危机。在文化习俗中，美奈桥的容量减少需要通过建造新桥来补充。在不列颠尼亚大桥项目的前几年（布朗，64 岁），随着罕见的动力被引入桥梁行业，建筑文化变得流行并得到了很好的概括。
Contribution to the Built Environment
As mentioned earlier on, building and construction made contributions in the transformation of many aspects of the human lifestyle to such an extent that many future projects would apply the success of the project. In a mention of the importance of initial projects’ role as outlined in the introduction, many future projects are deemed to benefit from the inspirations obtained thereon. Major bridge construction projects with a similar tubular and suspension designs had to make studies relating to the structural integrity of the Britannia Bridge, which could have borrowed from the few projects of a similar magnitude in existence at that time. 建筑学论文代写
The differences in design factors that the engineers had to consider during making of reliance on the already available construction works included the case specific requirements such as weight and the nature of the vessel transporting cargo and human beings across the structures. Several other civil engineering works would be constructed from a central tenet of structure integrity and support parameters.
Outstanding contributions can be identified in the name of the superstructure that the design was able to generate as intended by the engineer.
It had not been conceptualized anywhere else before, that riveting together plain sheets of wrought iron could facilitate the construction of a tubular tunnel as designed. Besides the design of the compartment, the suspension of the tubular structure using beam design of structural support presented a unique infiltration of civil work designs not applied anywhere before. 建筑学论文代写
On a different approach, the creation of the mega-structure in the apparently narrow waterway without creation of an obstruction to water vessels pathway was a dramatic finding in the sector. The complexity of the fabrication process involving the sheets of wrought iron then their adjoining leaves a clear impression of how the built environment stood to benefit from the project. In anticipation of the world’s greatest project of almost similar nature across the Atlantic Ocean, useful insights of the fabrications are undoubtedly the best.
译文：
对建筑环境的贡献 建筑学论文代写
正如前面提到的，建筑和施工对人类生活方式的许多方面的转变做出了巨大的贡献，以至于许多未来的项目都会应用该项目的成功。在提到引言中概述的初始项目作用的重要性时，许多未来的项目被认为受益于从中获得的灵感。具有类似管状和悬索设计的主要桥梁建设项目必须对不列颠尼亚大桥的结构完整性进行研究，这可以借鉴当时存在的少数几个类似规模的项目。
工程师在依赖现有建筑工程时必须考虑的设计因素差异包括案例特定要求，例如重量和运输货物的船舶的性质以及人员穿越结构。其他几项土木工程将根据结构完整性和支撑参数的中心原则建造。
杰出的贡献可以通过设计能够按照工程师的意图生成的上层建筑的名称来确定。
以前在其他任何地方都没有概念化过，将普通锻铁板铆接在一起可以促进按设计建造管状隧道。除了隔间的设计，使用结构支撑梁设计的管状结构的悬挂呈现了一种独特的土木工程设计渗透，以前在任何地方都没有应用。
在另一种方法中，在明显狭窄的水道中创建巨型结构而不对水船通道造成障碍是该领域的一个引人注目的发现。涉及锻铁板及其相邻的制造过程的复杂性给建筑环境如何从项目中受益留下了清晰的印象。在期待跨大西洋几乎具有相似性质的世界上最伟大的项目时，对制造的有用见解无疑是最好的。
Construction of the Britannia Bridge
How the structure came to be completed is a mystery to many but the construction design and information available makes it easy to understand how it was actually done. After the selection of the Britannia sub-stream as a unique bridge construction of the project was forthcoming with every bit if the logistics being put in place. The financial aspect was particularly secured through an act of parliament that had to be expedited on the urgency of its application. The support of the project was certainly not optional in several respects. Soon the construction work of the project was underway following all the relevant construction and financial considerations, most of which involved the political process.
The construction procedure can be summarized to the extent that it must have included the following stages at least at one point of its construction.
The end spans had to be erected on both sides of the structure, with the central beams inside the Strait being necessitated as the next stage. In all the construction tests t be conducted, the movement of the tides was very important since the level of the Strait’s water determined the amount f support needed at different periods. After the structural erection of groundwork support for the suspended tubular tunnel, tests were carried out to ensure that serious structural threats were not going t affect the integrity of the bridge amid various factors such as high tide waters. 建筑学论文代写
The main tubular fabrication to be fitted into the support system already in place was carried out next to the location of the bridge and floated in place for riveting (Kurrer, 78). Since the bridge has a suspension design, the tubes were lifted into place at the top of the pillar support framework using ropes and anchors that were fitted to hydraulic jacks that were capable of lifting the wrought iron tubular sections. Several angular measurements guided the riveting procedure to avoid certain faults emerging from wrong angular measurements for the project.
Riveting was done in a cautious consideration of the angles at the end and central spans which determine the stability of the tubular structure under support from the pillars.
Angular modifications on each of the two ends using angular calculations was performed before final riveting by raising the bearing of the end sections at the beam to create an allowance for the end spans into the mainland and island extension of the railway and road. Structural calculations were made to effect the angular modifications at all positions, which made the structural support of the project one of the best historic works in Wales and Britain. 建筑学论文代写
The actual contraction works took five years until 18th of March 1850 when a section of the project was opened for confirmation of the success of the project. From the exciting news of the theoretical application of principles of construction, future projects were to heavily rely on the findings thereon. Success was translated in terms of theory postulations, calculations, support, riveting as well as the shape and entre design. Engineering decision t erect the project across a sub-stream Britannia Rock was useful in reinforcing structural design on any surface.
译文：
不列颠尼亚大桥的建设 建筑学论文代写
结构如何完成对许多人来说是个谜，但建筑设计和可用信息使人们很容易理解它是如何完成的。在选择不列颠尼亚支流作为独特的桥梁建设项目后，如果物流到位，一切都会很快到来。财政方面通过议会法案得到了特别的保障，该法案必须根据其应用的紧迫性而加快。该项目的支持在几个方面肯定不是可选的。在所有相关的建设和财务考虑之后，项目的建设工作很快就开始了，其中大部分涉及政治过程。
施工程序可以概括为它必须至少在其施工的一个点包括以下阶段。
端跨必须竖立在结构的两侧，海峡内部的中心梁必须作为下一阶段。在进行的所有施工试验中，潮汐的运动非常重要，因为海峡的水位决定了不同时期所需的支撑量。悬空管状隧道地基支护结构架设后，进行了测试，以确保在涨潮等各种因素下，严重的结构威胁不会影响桥梁的完整性。
将安装到已经就位的支撑系统中的主管制造在桥梁位置旁边进行，并浮动到位以进行铆接（Kurrer，78）。由于桥梁采用悬挂设计，因此使用安装在液压千斤顶上的绳索和锚将管子提升到支柱支撑框架顶部的适当位置，液压千斤顶能够提升锻铁管段。几个角度测量指导铆接过程，以避免由于项目的错误角度测量而出现某些故障。
铆接是在谨慎考虑端部和中心跨度的角度时进行的，这些角度决定了柱子支撑下管状结构的稳定性。
在最终铆接之前，使用角度计算对两端的每一端进行角度修改，方法是提高梁端部的轴承，为端跨到铁路和公路的大陆和岛屿延伸部分留出余量。进行了结构计算以影响所有位置的角度修改，这使得该项目的结构支撑成为威尔士和英国最好的历史工程之一。
实际的收缩工程历时五年，直到 1850 年 3 月 18 日，该项目的一部分开放以确认该项目的成功。从建筑原理的理论应用的令人振奋的消息来看，未来的项目将严重依赖于其发现。成功体现在理论假设、计算、支撑、铆接以及形状和主旨设计方面。跨越支流 Britannia Rock 建造项目的工程决策有助于加强任何表面的结构设计。
Materials
Timber came in handy in the design of the structural riveting and adjoining particularly at the end of the tunnel, but it had to be replaced with stringer materials. Wrought iron was the main structural material from the tubular structure to the foundation and girder enforcement. Concrete was perhaps the most useful pillar and support material. That the project heavily relied on as well as limestone and sandstone that facilitated the finishing work. 建筑学论文代写
Tools and equipment used in the construction were not as sophisticated as they are today due to the several transformations that followed the technology era following the industrial revolution. Jacks and cranes were used in lifting the rectangular tubular sections of the tunnel for adjoining at the beam-work on the top of the structure chains were also employed for extra strengthening of the structure, in fear of inadequate capacity for the same function. Modern specialized equipment would have been used without improvisation of jacks for the lifting procedure. Labor force applied in the project was obtained from the Welsh population that lived nearby at the site of the project. Skilled and professional assistance was outsourced from the larger Britain and sometimes from across the borders.
译文：
材料 建筑学论文代写
木材在结构铆接和邻接的设计中派上用场，特别是在隧道末端，但必须用纵梁材料代替。锻铁是从管状结构到地基和梁加固的主要结构材料。混凝土可能是该项目严重依赖的最有用的支柱和支撑材料，以及有助于完成工作的石灰石和砂岩。
由于工业革命之后的技术时代发生了几次变革，建筑中使用的工具和设备并不像今天那么复杂。千斤顶和起重机被用于提升隧道的矩形管段，以在结构顶部的梁工作处邻接，还使用了结构链来额外加强结构，因为担心相同功能的能力不足。如果没有临时起重的千斤顶，就可以使用现代专业设备。项目中使用的劳动力来自居住在项目现场附近的威尔士人口。熟练和专业的援助是从较大的英国外包的，有时是从边境外包的。
If Built Today
Comparing an 1846 construction idea with a similar idea in 2011 would portray marked differences as illustrated by the following section. Huge design departure ranging from the suspension structure to material usage would be expected in case the Britannia Bridge project was carried out today from scratch. I propose that the project should have taken a shorter time period due t the advancement in technology and government funding options. 建筑学论文代写
Perhaps the type of machinery and equipment that the modern construction industry has witnessed being formulated would have reduced wastage of material and time and increase accuracy in calculations. With the advent of the information age decades after the industrial age, advancement in innovation in computer programs has facilitated the revival in the construction industry to such an extent that every aspect of the project is analyzed at the click of a button, which saves a lot of time and money in the preparation of the actual design and project work. Having been conducted in an age when information technology was poorly developed, I find several alternatives that were difficult to be availed then being readily available today.
Perhaps the most prominent departure of the design would be the use of tower-like pillars for the support of the suspended tunnel.
In my estimation, it must have cost the project much more to achieve the strength achieved than it would today, with the discovery of better construction alternatives that apply les stone-work. Steel arch design would have reduced the need for solid construction design that increases weight of the bridge. By reducing unnecessary weight, the bridge’s stability would be increased in unparalleled magnitude. Perhaps safety installations inside the bridge would be easier in a lighter bridge to avert a fire tragedy that almost destroyed the entire project in 1970. The inclusion of enlarged capacity traffic would be possible from the beginning if the weight restriction was not a factor. 建筑学论文代写
High speed vacuum tunnels are the modern fashion of train transport and I presuppose that the designer would consider adopting a maglev design for the train. Such an arrangement would facilitate the movement of top speed transport from London to Dublin within a magical short period of time. Electric trains or trams in the modern day Britain would appear to be behind technology schedule since the diversity of the UK economy allows swift movement of traffic, a fact that would inspire vacuum magnetic levitation design of the entire bridge and railway line between the two important cities in the UK. The magnitude of the project and the revenue it generates to the UK’s economy would attract any form of investment. That would tap the best rewards that can be generated. Maintenance costs would drastically be reduced in the proposed design, making the recent reconstruction works unnecessary (BBC, 1).
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如果今天建造 建筑学论文代写
将 1846 年的建筑理念与 2011 年的类似理念进行比较，将描绘出明显的差异，如下节所示。如果不列颠尼亚大桥项目今天从头开始实施，那么从悬挂结构到材料使用的巨大设计偏差将是预期的。由于技术和政府资助选项的进步，我建议该项目应该花费更短的时间。
或许现代建筑业所见证的机械和设备类型可以减少材料和时间的浪费，并提高计算的准确性。随着工业时代后几十年的信息时代的到来，计算机程序创新的进步促进了建筑行业的复兴，以至于单击一个按钮即可分析项目的各个方面，从而节省了很多在准备实际设计和项目工作中花费的时间和金钱。在信息技术不发达的时代进行了这项工作，我发现有几种替代方法很难使用，而今天却很容易获得。
也许该设计最突出的出发点是使用塔状柱子来支撑悬空隧道。
根据我的估计，随着发现应用 les 石制品的更好的建筑替代方案，该项目必须花费比今天更多的成本才能实现所达到的强度。钢拱设计将减少对增加桥梁重量的坚固结构设计的需求。通过减少不必要的重量，桥梁的稳定性将得到无与伦比的提高。也许桥内的安全装置在较轻的桥梁中更容易避免火灾悲剧，该悲剧在 1970 年几乎摧毁了整个项目。如果重量限制不是一个因素，从一开始就可以增加通行能力。
高速真空隧道是火车运输的现代时尚，我假设设计师会考虑为火车采用磁悬浮设计。这样的安排将促进在极短的时间内从伦敦到都柏林的高速运输。现代英国的电动火车或有轨电车似乎落后于技术时间表，因为英国经济的多样性允许交通快速移动，这一事实将激发两个重要城市之间的整个桥梁和铁路线的真空磁悬浮设计在英国。该项目的规模及其为英国经济带来的收入将吸引任何形式的投资，以获取可产生的最佳回报。拟议设计中的维护成本将大大降低，从而使最近的重建工作变得不必要（BBC，1）。
Conclusion
While considering the great construction projects in the early history of the United Kingdom, it would be difficult to assume the lasting impression created by the Britannia Bridge connecting Anglesey to mainland of Wales. Major construction tenets can be created from the construction ideas that the bridge puts together (Solomon, 117). However, a modern touch in the old project would have several restructuring areas such as would allow minimal project weight, safety enhancement and maintenance cost reduction.
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结论 建筑学论文代写
考虑到英国早期历史上的伟大建筑项目，很难想象连接安格尔西和威尔士大陆的不列颠尼亚大桥所带来的持久印象。 主要的建设原则可以从桥梁的建设理念中创造出来（Solomon，117）。 然而，旧项目的现代风格将有几个重组领域，例如可以最小化项目重量、增强安全性和降低维护成本。
Works Cited 建筑学论文代写
“The History of the Bridges on the Menai Straits off the Island of Anglesey, North Wales,” Anglesey Môn Information, 2009. Web. http://www.anglesey.info/Menai%20Bridges.htm (accessed 27 April 2011)
“Work on Britannia Bridge over Menai Strait Starts,” BBC, Last Updated 10 January 2011. Web. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-north-west-wales-12152074 (accessed 27 April 2011)
Brown, David J. Bridges: three thousand years of defying nature. St. Paul, MN: MBI Publishing Company, 2001. Print
Kurrer, Karl-Eugen The history of the theory of structures: from arch analysis to computational mechanics. Berlin, Germany: Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektor und Technische, 2008. Print
Solomon, Brian North American railroad bridges. St. Paul: MN: Voyageur Press, 2008. Print
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