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种族隔离法论文代写 South Africa is a country that has long since been the target of many corporations, due to its vast reserves of natural resources.
Introduction
South Africa is a country that has long since been the target of many corporations, due to its vast reserves of natural resources. The mines found in South Africa have an abundance of diamonds, therefore, it is also the leaders of producing diamonds. In the 17th Century, South Africa was colonized under the British rule. Descendants of the Dutch were being colonized by the English, due to which the colonies of Transvaal and Orange Free State were established. In the beginning of 1900s, the discovery of diamonds led to the Boer War when the English invaded the land. Eventually, there was a struggle for Independence from the British and an uneasy struggle continued regarding the sharing of power between the two parties.
In the 1940s, Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a majority, which led to the creation of apartheid. It was used as a means to cement control over the social and economic system of the country. At first, the objective of introducing apartheid was to maintain control of the white domination, and ensure racial separation. In the 1960s, however, the plan of the grand apartheid was put in place which focused on separation based on territories and police repression.
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介绍 种族隔离法论文代写
由于其丰富的自然资源储备，南非长期以来一直是许多公司的目标。在南非发现的矿山拥有丰富的钻石，因此，它也是生产钻石的领导者。 17 世纪，南非在英国统治下成为殖民地。荷兰人的后裔被英国人殖民，因此建立了德兰士瓦和奥兰治自由州的殖民地。 1900 年代初，钻石的发现引发了英国人入侵这片土地时的布尔战争。最终，发生了从英国独立的斗争，两党之间关于权力分享的不安斗争仍在继续。
1940 年代，南非白人民族党获得多数席位，导致种族隔离制度的产生。它被用作巩固对国家社会和经济体系的控制的手段。起初，引入种族隔离的目的是保持对白人统治的控制，并确保种族隔离。然而，在 1960 年代，大种族隔离计划实施，其重点是基于领土的分离和警察镇压。
In 1948, when the apartheid law was enacted, racial discrimination was made a norm.
It was considered okay for people to exhibit their superiority based on color. Every aspect of social life was being governed by race laws, including the right to marriage, job opportunities, education opportunities, a race classification board was established, different residential areas were created for the two races, they could not mingle or be friends, communism was defined in such a manner that it could be changed according to any situation, and communists could also be banned from participating in political groups or organizations. People of color were assigned areas in which they could work or be trained as artisans, anybody found to be working in the Urban areas, was severely punished.
In 1956, an amendment was made in apartheid law,
which prevented black people from voting, and the prime minister even had the right to evict anyone with black origin from their own lands, whether they were publicly or privately owned. Apartheid assured and safeguarded rights of the white people in all aspects, however, the rights of the black were ignored and overwritten intentionally. From 1976 to 1981, four of these homelands were created, denationalizing nine million South Africans.种族隔离法论文代写
The homeland administrations refused the nominal independence, maintaining pressure for political rights within the country as a whole. Nevertheless, Africans living in the homelands needed passports to enter South Africa: aliens in their own country (Academic Evergreen). The penalties that were imposed all kinds of protests were severe. States of emergency continued in intervals until 1989, where anyone could be detained by a low level officer, without being granted a hearing. There were many arrests and thousands of people who had been brought into custody died due to immense torture. People who did receive a trial were either imprisoned for life, sentenced to death, or banished.
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1948 年，种族隔离法颁布后，种族歧视成为常态。
人们认为可以根据颜色来展示自己的优越性。社会生活的方方面面都受到种族法的约束，包括婚姻权、工作机会、教育机会，建立了种族分类委员会，为两个种族创建了不同的居住区，他们不能混合或成为朋友，共产主义被定义为可以根据任何情况改变的方式，也可以禁止共产党人参加政治团体或组织。有色人种被分配到可以工作或接受工匠培训的区域，任何被发现在市区工作的人都会受到严厉惩罚。
1956年，对种族隔离法进行了修改，
这阻止了黑人投票，总理甚至有权将任何有黑人血统的人从他们自己的土地上驱逐出去，无论他们是公有还是私有。种族隔离在各方面保障和维护了白人的权利，而黑人的权利却被刻意忽视和覆盖。从 1976 年到 1981 年，创建了四个这样的家园，剥夺了 900 万南非人的国籍。
国土行政部门拒绝名义上的独立，在全国范围内维持对政治权利的压力。尽管如此，生活在祖国的非洲人需要护照才能进入南非：他们自己国家的外国人（Academic Evergreen）。对各种抗议活动的处罚是严厉的。紧急状态一直持续到 1989 年，任何人都可以被低级官员拘留，而无需听证。有许多人被捕，数千名被拘留的人因巨大的酷刑而死亡。接受审判的人要么被终身监禁，要么被判处死刑，要么被流放。
Effect of Colonialism on Apartheid
The impact of colonialism on the world has often been viewed in negative terms. What is sad to note is that this has led to the destruction of many economies, and cultures, and has also resulted in thousands of deaths. It is true that the objective of colonization was to extract the resources of the country and reap their benefits. However, in doing so, the British ended up making things worse for the residents of the country and eventually created further problems which led to warfare and bloodshed.
The effect of colonization on the education and lifestyle of the residents of South Africa were severe. There is no university in many of the cities, and very few Africans are educated. Colonialism’s effects whether in the past or present are also quite apparent. It is not an overstatement when Edem Kodjo, who authored ‘Africa Tomorrow’ describes the condition of Africa as “torn away from the past, and propelled into a universe fashioned from outside that suppresses his values, and dumbfounded by a cultural invasion that marginalizes him.
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殖民主义对种族隔离的影响
殖民主义对世界的影响常常被视为消极的。什么是可悲的是，这导致了许多经济和文化的破坏，也造成了数千人死亡。诚然，殖民的目的是榨取国家的资源并从中获益。然而，英国人这样做最终使该国居民的处境变得更糟，并最终造成了导致战争和流血的进一步问题。
殖民化对南非居民的教育和生活方式的影响是严重的。许多城市没有大学，而且很少有非洲人受过教育。无论是过去还是现在，殖民主义的影响也很明显。 《明日非洲》一书的作者 Edem Kodjo 将非洲的状况描述为“与过去撕裂，并被推进一个从外部塑造的宇宙，压制了他的价值观，并且对边缘化他的文化入侵感到目瞪口呆，这并没有夸大其词” .
The African of today is a deformed image of many other people and cultures. Its own culture and traditions got lost with the passage of time.
(Pheko, Motsoko, 2012). If we were to look at the strictly political and legal aspects of the apartheid, then the majority of the population was denied their rights, were brutally treated just to ensure superiority for the white people. As can be seen from the aforementioned examples and ideas, the colonial powers adopted and implemented such policies that ended up destroying the system rather than helping build an improved version.种族隔离法论文代写
Africa’s economics, politics, and culture was severely affected by the colonization, as instead of giving them their rights, the aim was to extract resources while making life difficult for the residents of the country. Black people needed passports to enter their own country, due to the Bantu Authorities Act. Africa’s traditional lifestyle, culture, their heritage, everything was destroyed as a result of colonization. The British and other European powers who were invested in extracting the resources did not have the interests of Africa in mind,
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今天的非洲人是许多其他人和文化的变形形象。它自己的文化和传统随着时间的流逝而消失。
(Pheko, Motsoko, 2012)。如果我们从严格的种族隔离政治和法律方面来看，那么大多数人的权利被剥夺，被残酷对待，只是为了确保白人的优越性。从上述例子和想法可以看出，殖民列强采取并实施了这样的政策，最终摧毁了系统而不是帮助建立一个改进的版本。
非洲的经济、政治和文化受到殖民化的严重影响，因为殖民不是给他们权利，而是为了开采资源，同时使该国居民的生活变得困难。由于《班图当局法》，黑人需要护照才能进入自己的国家。非洲的传统生活方式、文化、他们的遗产，一切都因殖民化而遭到破坏。投资于开采资源的英国和其他欧洲列强并没有考虑非洲的利益，
all they did care about was suppressing the people and gaining benefits of the resources they accessed through mining activities led by the black people.
1.Much of the land which was owned by the Black people, i.e. the people of Africa was taken away, either for commercial use or for personal use. They identified the best land and called it their own, by passing such laws that were in their favor.
2.The ruling party required many workers for the land, which including mining, and managing their farms. The residents of Africa served as cheap labor, as they had to adhere to the new rules in order to survive. Having lost their lands, and in order to find work, people started moving to other towns or mines, in which they had to face horrid working conditions, since it often involved receiving corporal punishment. Additionally, there was shortage of food as it was provided in the form of rations, and the wages were extremely low, leaving very little for the families. The Africans faced a tough time during this period.种族隔离法论文代写
3.Additionally, the Africans were taxed heavily, because the governing colonies were not receiving aid from the mother countries, due to which there was shortage of funds and finances were low. What little that the people of Africa earned would have to be paid off in the form of taxes. While using African labor, the taxes also had to be paid by them which made it necessary for them to work for the colonial government.
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他们所关心的只是通过黑人领导的采矿活动压制人们并从他们获得的资源中获益。
1.黑人所拥有的大部分土地，即非洲人被夺走，用于商业用途或个人用途。他们通过对他们有利的法律来确定最好的土地并将其称为自己的土地。
2.执政党需要许多工人来耕种土地，包括采矿和管理他们的农场。非洲居民充当廉价劳动力，因为他们必须遵守新规则才能生存。失去土地后，为了找工作，人们开始搬到其他城镇或矿山，在那里他们不得不面对可怕的工作条件，因为这往往会受到体罚。此外，由于以口粮的形式提供食物，食物短缺，工资极低，家庭所剩无几。在此期间，非洲人面临着艰难时期。
3.另外，非洲人被征税重税，因为统治殖民地没有得到母国的援助，因此资金短缺，财政低。非洲人民挣得的很少，必须以税收的形式偿还。在使用非洲劳动力的同时，还必须由他们缴纳税款，这使得他们有必要为殖民政府工作。
4.In the 1920s the policy of forced labor was introduced,
due to the loss of much of the manpower in the previous world wars. Due to this, many of the Africans forced to work on farms, mines, and even in towns. Men were separated from their families, which in turn cause a lot of problems for their families. Villages lacked the manpower which could have been used to produce food, and help prevent famine, however, famine increased and it became difficult for the people to survive. Prostitution and homosexuality increased, and traditional village life was also alienated. This resulted in the decline of power of the village chiefs, which led to creation of increased tension between the Africans and foreign immigrants.种族隔离法论文代写
5.The economic structure of the African economy was also changed with the introduction of cash crops and commercial crops. Those crops which were more important for industrial usage were given priority over simple crops that may have addressed the issues of famine and strife. Coffee, cocoa, tea, and cotton were focused on to be produced in large scale, and the mining of minerals took place extensively. All the crops that were produced were exported to the home countries, and the prices were non-negotiable as they were decided by investors and parties from the home countries as well. Trade was not allowed between Africans, who were the ones doing all the hard work and taking care of the issues being faced out in the field.
6.On top of all this, the colonial powers taking care of the country and extracting all the natural resources did not have any plans to modernize or industrialize the nation.
While Africa produced all the raw materials that were then sent to the home country for production, they were in turn important in the form of finished goods from the home country and sold at higher rates. Money making and capitalization was their primary focus, and many of the Africans could not afford to pay for these products. While the products were being consumed by the white people leading and governing the colonies, the masses could not avail these products due to high price points.
From all the points stated above,it can be seen that colonization had an immensely negative impact on the economy and culture of Africa. Their people suffered as even the most basic rights were stripped from them. The people of the country were exploited, forced to leave their homes, and taxed in an unfairly manner. There were no plans to industrialize the economy or even modernize it. In turn conditions for the country and its people worsened, until civil wars and protests broke out and lead to the deaths of many of the residents. However, over the past couple of years things have significantly improved. Approximately 60 percent of the budget as decided by the government is allocated to social wage, and this expenditure has, over the years, doubled in real terms over the past decade.种族隔离法论文代写
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4. 在 1920 年代引入了强迫劳动政策，
由于在以前的世界大战中损失了大量人力。因此，许多非洲人被迫在农场、矿山甚至城镇工作。男人与家人分离，这反过来又给他们的家人带来了很多问题。村庄缺乏可以用来生产食物和帮助防止饥荒的人力，但饥荒加剧，人们难以生存。卖淫和同性恋增多，传统的乡村生活也被疏远。这导致村长权力下降，导致非洲人和外国移民之间的紧张局势加剧。
5.经济作物和经济作物的引进也改变了非洲经济的经济结构。那些对工业用途更重要的作物优先于可能解决饥荒和冲突问题的简单作物。咖啡、可可、茶叶和棉花集中生产规模，矿产开采广泛开展。生产的农作物全部出口到母国，价格不可谈判，因为它们也是由母国的投资者和各方决定的。非洲人之间不允许进行贸易，而非洲人则是在做所有艰苦的工作并处理该领域面临的问题。
6.最重要的是，殖民国家照顾国家并开采所有自然资源，并没有任何使国家现代化或工业化的计划。
虽然非洲生产了所有原材料，然后运往母国进行生产，但它们反过来又以来自母国的制成品的形式很重要，并以更高的价格出售。赚钱和资本化是他们的主要关注点，许多非洲人买不起这些产品。当这些产品被领导和管理殖民地的白人消费时，由于价格高，群众无法使用这些产品。
综上所述，殖民化对非洲的经济和文化产生了巨大的负面影响。他们的人民因为连最基本的权利都被剥夺而遭受苦难。该国人民受到剥削，被迫离开家园，并以不公平的方式征税。没有计划使经济工业化甚至现代化。反过来，该国及其人民的状况恶化，直到内战和抗议爆发并导致许多居民死亡。然而，在过去的几年里，情况有了显着改善。政府决定的大约 60% 的预算分配给了社会工资，而且这些支出在过去十年中实际翻了一番。
Per capita spending on health has also doubled in the same period,
now even the poorest of the residents can avail basic education for free, making them 60 percent of learners, and the level of hunger which was reported by the people has been reduced to half of what it was. More than 15 million people receive social assistance, enrolment in primary schools is approximately 98 percent, and nearly 3 million houses and housing units have been constructed to serve as homes for poor people. Access to basic services such as piped water, sanitation, electricity and refuse removal have all improved, all contributing to a decline in both absolute and relative poverty, and to improving equality of opportunity. Over the past 20 years, the rate of unemployment has remained stagnant at 20 percent; a huge improvement over the apartheid era. 种族隔离法论文代写
(Philip, Kate, Mbofholowo Tsedu and Meshack Zwane, 2014). The situation has significantly improved over the 20th century, however, there are still many things that require attention, such as basic necessities and amenities. The people who are unemployed are either not covered through any kinds of social protection. The employment rate needs to be reduced further and the living conditions need to be improved as well. While apartheid ended over 20 years ago, the first generation of free people who were born after that era is now entering their high schools and colleges and only some have entered the labor market; most of the people who are of working-age have experienced apartheid, which still affects their lives in one form or another and the opportunities that they are provide today (Philip, Kate, Mbofholowo Tsedu and Meshack Zwane, 2014).
However,
inequality in terms of employment opportunities and the challenges faced by the people of Africa are still there and need to be addressed. Additionally, the discrimination that was faced by the people during the apartheid era is still experienced by many people of Africa.
The revolution came due to the struggle of Nelson Mandela, and many of his supporters, many of whom even died to bring about the change, however, situations haven’t improved entirely and it will take another fifty years for things to become normal for the people of Africa, with basic amenities, like health care, food, and education being available to every individual without any discrimination. Job opportunities also need to be increased and made available for all of the people while providing each person equal opportunity for employment. Poverty and inequality – both aggravated by unemployment – are two of the most significant challenges for South Africa (Philip, Kate, Mbofholowo Tsedu and Meshack Zwane, 2014). 种族隔离法论文代写
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在同一时期，人均健康支出也翻了一番，
现在，即使是最贫困的居民也可以免费接受基础教育，使他们成为学习者的 60%，人们报告的饥饿程度已减少到原来的一半。超过1500万人获得社会救助，小学入学率约98%，已建成近300万套住房和住房，为贫困人口提供住房。获得自来水、卫生、电力和垃圾清除等基本服务的机会都得到了改善，所有这些都有助于减少绝对贫困和相对贫困，并改善机会平等。在过去的 20 年里，失业率一直停滞在 20%；种族隔离时代的巨大进步。
（菲利普、凯特、Mbofholowo Tsedu 和 Meshack Zwane，2014 年）。 20世纪以来，情况有了显着改善，但仍有许多需要注意的事项，例如基本必需品和便利设施。失业者要么没有享受任何社会保障。就业率需要进一步降低，生活条件也需要改善。虽然种族隔离在 20 多年前就结束了，但那个时代之后出生的第一代自由人现在正在进入他们的高中和大学，只有一些人进入了劳动力市场；大多数处于工作年龄的人都经历过种族隔离，这仍然以一种或另一种形式影响他们的生活以及他们今天提供的机会（Philip、Kate、Mbofholowo Tsedu 和 Meshack Zwane，2014 年）。
然而，
就业机会不平等和非洲人民面临的挑战仍然存在，需要加以解决。此外，许多非洲人仍然经历种族隔离时代人民所面临的歧视。
革命是由于纳尔逊曼德拉和他的许多支持者的斗争而发生的，其中许多人甚至为带来变革而死，然而，情况并没有完全好转，需要再过五十年才能恢复正常非洲人民享有基本的便利设施，例如医疗保健、食品和教育，每个人都可以不受任何歧视地使用。还需要增加工作机会并使所有人都能获得工作机会，同时为每个人提供平等的就业机会。贫困和不平等——都因失业而加剧——是南非面临的两大挑战（Philip、Kate、Mbofholowo Tsedu 和 Meshack Zwane，2014 年）。
Barriers to Economic Development
After World War II, the economic growth prospects for South Africa were considered to be high and the country was thought to be the “Japan of Africa” (Rattso, Jorn, and Hildegunn E. Stokke).
The growth was to be based on openness and industrial development and diversification, however, this trend came to an abrupt halt in the 1970s when the country faced a long period of stagnation. Pritchett (2000) describes South Africa as a ‘mountain’, where the per capita growth over 1.5% per year changed to negative numbers (Rattso, Jorn, and Hildegunn E. Stokke). There were many barriers to economic development, and income distribution was sill biased. Due to intense racism, income was not distributed equally, rather it was distributed in an unfair and unjust manner.种族隔离法论文代写
People who actually worked hard to make ends meet were given low wages based on color and creed whereas those who were ruling would reap all the benefits and earn even higher from the rightful ones. Economic growth was turned into stagnation during the sanction period, but the recovery of growth later has been slow. Interestingly, even the unskilled labor’s relative wage has been steadily growing even during times of sanctions. The internal struggle over Apartheid was highly significant for the stagnation during the late 1970s and 1980s, however, most people are surprised that the growth rate have never caught up to the apartheid year. The opening of the economy post-Apartheid has stimulated productivity growth, but not nearly back to old growth rates (Rattso, Jorn, and Hildegunn E. Stokke).
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经济发展的障碍 种族隔离法论文代写
二战后，南非的经济增长前景被认为很高，该国被认为是“非洲的日本”（Rattso、Jorn 和 Hildegunn E. Stokke）。
增长的基础是开放和产业发展和多元化，但这种趋势在 1970 年代国家面临长期停滞时突然停止。 Pritchett (2000) 将南非描述为一座“山峰”，其人均年增长率超过 1.5% 变为负数（Rattso、Jorn 和 Hildegunn E. Stokke）。经济发展障碍重重，收入分配仍存在偏颇。由于强烈的种族主义，收入没有平均分配，而是以不公平和不公正的方式分配。
真正努力维持生计的人会因肤色和信仰而获得低工资，而统治者将获得所有好处，并从合法的人那里获得更高的收入。经济增长在制裁期间转为停滞，但后期增长恢复缓慢。有趣的是，即使在制裁期间，即使是非熟练劳动力的相对工资也一直在稳步增长。种族隔离的内部斗争对于 1970 年代末和 1980 年代的停滞意义重大，然而，大多数人感到惊讶的是，增长率从未赶上种族隔离年。种族隔离后经济的开放刺激了生产率增长，但几乎没有恢复到旧的增长率（Rattso、Jorn 和 Hildegunn E. Stokke）。
Many barrier models were used to identify the reasons for the lack of growth and also to identify why the growth never reached the same rate as the apartheid era.
During the international sanctions, the economic growth was held back, because of reduced spillover by international parties. Perhaps it was because the unjust manner in which the people of Africa were being exploited was no longer in play, or simply because the resources had depleted from the level at which they were available in the early 1920s.种族隔离法论文代写
However, the cause for the slow economic development has not been apparent, and yet South Africa has not been able to reach the level of growth that everybody thought it could. In the recent years, South Africa has become one of the most corrupt countries in the world and the level of corruption has been increasing with the passage of time. One of the primary factors affecting growth in the country is its ever changing government policy which at times contradicts the previously implemented practices.
The country needs to grow at a high pace if they are to reduce unemployment and poverty, however, this has not been possible due to two major reasons. The first is that expenditure to redress the apartheid legacy has reduced the resources available for investments in the knowledge economy through investments in research and development, infrastructure and tertiary education. The second reason is that many of the government’s honorable and justifiable goals have been accompanied by large amounts of wastage, policy experimentation and cronyism (Cilliers, Jakkie, 2015).
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许多障碍模型被用来确定缺乏增长的原因，也用于确定增长从未达到与种族隔离时代相同的速度的原因。
在国际制裁期间，由于国际各方的溢出效应减少，经济增长受阻。也许是因为非洲人民被剥削的不公正方式不再起作用，或者仅仅是因为资源已经从 1920 年代初的水平耗尽。
然而，经济发展缓慢的原因尚不明确，南非也未能达到所有人认为可以达到的增长水平。近年来，南非已成为世界上腐败最严重的国家之一，腐败程度也随着时间的推移而不断增加。影响该国增长的主要因素之一是其不断变化的政府政策，有时与之前实施的做法相矛盾。
如果要减少失业和贫困，该国需要高速增长，但是，由于两个主要原因，这是不可能的。首先是消除种族隔离遗留问题的支出减少了通过投资于研发、基础设施和高等教育来投资知识经济的可用资源。第二个原因是，政府的许多光荣和合理的目标都伴随着大量的浪费、政策试验和任人唯亲（Cilliers, Jakkie, 2015）。
However, external factors are also affecting the performance of the country.
In recent years, the country could have had better economic growth had it not been because of the weaker than expected impact of global economic recovery. This was an important trading partner for South Africa, however, due to the decline in its performance the country also suffered. Domestic policy has been changing every few years due to poor leadership on part of the government and a lack of direction and vision from the selected leaders.种族隔离法论文代写
What it needs to do is become aware of where the country needs to head, and how? A clear sense of direction would not only help the country in overcoming the issues it is currently facing, but, it will also help them in overcoming the internal and domestic strife that they are currently facing. Corruption has a huge role to play in the downfall of the economy. While the country has a lot of potential, there is still that is lacking in both the government as well as the people of South Africa. The desire to make things better, and improve the lifestyle will eventually incite in them the passion to help their country grow and achieve the economic growth that most believe to be possible.
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然而，外部因素也在影响该国的表现。
近年来，如果不是因为全球经济复苏的影响弱于预期，该国本可以有更好的经济增长。这是南非的重要贸易伙伴，然而，由于其业绩下滑，该国也遭受了损失。由于部分政府领导不力以及选定领导人缺乏方向和远见，国内政策每隔几年就会发生变化。
它需要做的是意识到这个国家需要去哪里，以及如何去？明确的方向感不仅有助于该国克服目前面临的问题，而且还有助于他们克服目前面临的内部和国内冲突。腐败在经济衰退中扮演着重要角色。尽管该国具有很大的潜力，但南非政府和人民仍然缺乏这种潜力。使事情变得更好和改善生活方式的愿望最终会激发他们的热情，帮助他们的国家发展并实现大多数人认为可能的经济增长。
The Evolution of South Africa
The popular image of South Africa’s transition after it was freed from apartheid is of a “miracle” (Waldmeir 1997) that helped the country achieve a peaceful move to democracy under the leadership of Nelson Mandela (Kaufman, Stuard J. 2012). However, this was a false presumption on part of the world, as the transition was anything but peaceful. While Nelson Mandela led the movement and helped free the people of Africa from apartheid, he was not fit for leading the country out of the economic mess it has dug itself into. The leadership that the country needed was of President F. W. de Klerk. During the decade of transition, South Africa experienced a minimum of two civil wars, which resulted in the death of more than 20,000 people.
The first phase remained between 1985-1986, in which there was an uproar in the black townships, which was inspired by the United Democratic Front allies, and the African National Congress party. Many other terrorist campaigns were also backed and funded by the same party. This uprising resulted in the deaths of between 2,000 and 3,000 people— most famously the hundreds who were “necklaced,” or burnt to death with a flaming tire around their necks, by pro-ANC township youths (Kaufman, Stuard J. 2012). It was brought to a stop because the government declared a state of emergency.
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南非的演变 种族隔离法论文代写
南非从种族隔离中解放出来后过渡的流行形象是一个“奇迹”（Waldmeir 1997），它帮助该国在纳尔逊·曼德拉（Kaufman，Stuard J. 2012）的领导下实现了和平走向民主。然而，这对世界的一部分来说是错误的假设，因为过渡绝不是和平的。虽然纳尔逊·曼德拉领导了这场运动并帮助非洲人民摆脱了种族隔离，但他并不适合带领这个国家摆脱陷入困境的经济困境。这个国家需要的领导是 F. W. 德克勒克总统。在过渡的十年中，南非至少经历了两次内战，导致超过 20,000 人死亡。
第一阶段仍然是1985-1986年，在联合民主阵线盟友和非洲人国民大会党的鼓舞下，黑人乡镇发生了骚动。许多其他恐怖主义活动也得到同一政党的支持和资助。这场起义导致 2,000 至 3,000 人死亡——最著名的是数百人被亲非国大的乡镇青年“戴上项链”，或被燃烧的轮胎烧死在脖子上（Kaufman, Stuard J. 2012）。由于政府宣布进入紧急状态，它被停止了。
Due to this the rate, caused by political violence was cut in half.
However, the next stage of the violence was much worse, as the supporters of the two parties were pit against the supporters of Zulu of the Inkatha movement and many other parties got involved as well. This fight resulted in the deatlth of over 15,000 people between 198 and 1995. However, since the government was no part of the rebellion, it cannot be considered as a civil war. The two main rounds of fighting were brought to an end by President F. W. Klerk. He courageously passed the point of no return early in his presidency by unbanning the ANC and other opposition groups, and who managed to keep his reformist government on the path to a negotiated settlement in the face of fierce opposition by hard-line opponents (Kaufman, Stuard J. 2012).
The results of these events were that may predispositions that were symbolic in nature and in favor of apartheid eroded with the passage of time.种族隔离法论文代写
However, this was associated with the economic troubles that were being faced by the country as it was becoming isolated from the world. De Klerk was known for his credibility which is one of the main reasons the negotiations went smoothly between all parties. White and Black voters alike, all supported him and his views were welcomed with open arms. The ANC, for its part, had nothing to lose from joining the talks. ANC narratives had always focused on the injustice of apartheid, favoring a strategy of peaceful mass protest; “armed struggle,” they claimed, was a last resort. The final agreement achieved the ANC objective of majority rule, with the temporary concession of a transitional period of power sharing (Kaufman, Stuard J. 2012).
South Africa’s transition from apartheid to a democracy that was supported by all races is one of the most significant events of the century. After the peaceful negotiation, the democratic bargain is still being held, and even though there are still high rates of unemployment in the country, the life of an average South African, no matter to which race they belong had improved. Things have definitely economically improved as compared to the last years of apartheid.
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由于这个原因，由政治暴力引起的比率减少了一半。
然而，下一阶段的暴力事件要糟糕得多，两党的支持者与印卡塔运动祖鲁的支持者对峙，其他许多政党也卷入其中。这场战斗导致 198 年至 1995 年间超过 15,000 人死亡。但是，由于政府不参与叛乱，因此不能将其视为内战。两轮主要战斗由 F. W. Klerk 总统结束。在他担任总统期间，他通过取消对非国大和其他反对派团体的禁令，勇敢地度过了不归路，面对强硬反对派的激烈反对，他设法使他的改革派政府走上了谈判解决的道路（考夫曼，斯图尔德 J. 2012）。
这些事件的结果是，随着时间的推移，具有象征意义和支持种族隔离的倾向可能会被侵蚀。
然而，这与该国在与世界隔绝时所面临的经济问题有关。德克勒克以其信誉而闻名，这是各方之间谈判顺利进行的主要原因之一。白人和黑人选民一样，都支持他，他的观点受到张开双臂的欢迎。就非洲人国民大会而言，参加会谈没有任何损失。非国大的叙述一直关注种族隔离的不公正，支持和平大规模抗议的策略；他们声称，“武装斗争”是最后的手段。最终协议实现了非国大的多数统治目标，临时让步是权力共享的过渡期（Kaufman, Stuard J. 2012）。
南非从种族隔离过渡到所有种族都支持的民主是本世纪最重要的事件之一。和平谈判后，民主谈判仍在进行，尽管该国的失业率仍然很高，但南非普通人的生活，无论他们属于哪个种族，都得到了改善。与种族隔离的最后几年相比，情况肯定在经济上有所改善。
The final constitution established three important principles for the governance of the new federal democracy.
First, it accepted the geographical boundaries of the nine provinces, and thus their anticipated political control. Second, provinces were given responsibility for the provision of fundamental services—K–12 education, health services, and housing—and for the administration of transfers to the poor and elderly. Third, the national government was required to share national tax revenues with the provinces to finance assigned provincial services (Inman, Robert P. and Daniel L. Rubinfield).
Eventually most of the supporters of ANC wanted to follow a more moderate path, even though the party kept on making a radical decisions. This was primarily done to ensure that the party had the upper hand during negotiations, and that they could leverage it based on the disorder on the streets. This was one of the things that was of concern for them.种族隔离法论文代写
However, with the passage of time things improved and democracy had a strong role to play in calming down the tense situation in the country. With time the economy started to grow and the lives of South Africa’s residence show a significant turn. Even so, as mentioned previously, there are still many things that need to be looked and considered in order to make conditions even better. Also, the level of corruption needs to be addressed, otherwise, it will become difficult to manage the increasing disarray among the people.
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最终宪法确立了新联邦民主治理的三项重要原则。
首先，它接受了九省的地理边界，从而接受了他们预期的政治控制。其次，各省负责提供基本服务——K-12 教育、卫生服务和住房——以及对穷人和老年人的转移支付管理。第三，中央政府需要与各省分享国家税收，以资助指定的省级服务（Inman、Robert P. 和 Daniel L. Rubinfield）。
最终大多数非国大的支持者想要走一条更温和的道路，尽管该党一直在做出激进的决定。这样做主要是为了确保党在谈判中占上风，并且他们可以根据街头的混乱情况来利用它。这是他们关心的事情之一。
然而，随着时间的推移，情况有所改善，民主在平息该国的紧张局势方面发挥了重要作用。随着时间的推移，经济开始增长，南非居民的生活发生了重大转变。即便如此，如前所述，为了使条件变得更好，仍然需要查看和考虑许多事情。此外，腐败的程度也需要解决，否则将难以控制民众日益增长的混乱。
Conclusion
The democratic end of apartheid was brought forth by the hard work of many people, one of whom is the renowned and celebrated Nelson Mandela. However, his efforts were not effective in bringing about the change that was necessary to bring about democracy the country. By the end of apartheid, many parties had formed who were each fighting for a separate cause. The one who brought them together was W. F. Klerk.种族隔离法论文代写
Apartheid resulted in many injustices being carried out in the name of law by the governing authority. Additionally, it resulted in the creation of many issues for the people of South Africa For example, interracial marriages were banned, and anybody found to be interacting with a person of another race could be condemned for life, whereas, education, lifestyle, property facilities were forcefully taken away from the Black people, who made up a large proportion of the population.
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结论
许多人的辛勤工作促成了种族隔离的民主终结，著名的纳尔逊·曼德拉就是其中之一。 然而，他的努力并没有带来实现国家民主所必需的变革。 到种族隔离结束时，许多政党已经形成，每个政党都为不同的事业而战。 将他们聚集在一起的是 W. F. Klerk。
种族隔离导致管理当局以法律的名义实施许多不公正的行为。 此外，它还为南非人民带来了许多问题，例如，禁止异族通婚，任何被发现与其他种族的人交往的人都可能被终身谴责，而教育、生活方式、财产设施 被强行从占人口很大比例的黑人手中夺走。
On the other hand, the resources that were being mined and farmed were being exported to the home country, which resulted in famine.
The exported raw materials were used for industrialization in Europe and imported at higher rates. These products could not be bought by the masses, as they were priced higher, and due to taxation, whatever little they learned, they could not spend on high priced products. Shortage of rations resulted in fights over food, at which severe punishments were laid out. 种族隔离法论文代写
Things looked dull until finally, through negotiations and understanding between the parties, it finally ended in 1994. Policies were introduced to ensure that people from all races would get a better lifestyle. And now, things have finally improved enough to help sustain the economy, however, the level of corruption and lack of basic amenities needs to be addressed.
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另一方面，正在开采和养殖的资源被出口到祖国，这导致了饥荒。
出口的原材料用于欧洲的工业化，并以更高的速度进口。 这些产品大众买不起，因为价格高，而且由于税收的关系，无论他们学到什么，他们都无法花在高价产品上。 口粮短缺导致了争夺食物的斗争，并因此受到了严厉的惩罚。
事情看似平淡，最后经过各方协商和谅解，终于在1994年结束。政策出台，让各族人民都能过上更好的生活。 现在，情况终于有所改善，足以帮助维持经济，但是，需要解决腐败程度和缺乏基本设施的问题。
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