Proposal for a critical literature review helping middle aged diabetic patients in reducing the incidence and severity of these complications
英国文献综述代写 Another approach that recurs in literature is the need to assess whether the diabetic patient needs stabilization or not.
Diabetes Care among Middle Aged Patients
Introduction:…………………………………………………………………………………………3
Background & Justification:……………………………………………………………………4
Aim, Objectives and purpose of the proposed review:………………………………..4
Methodology:…………………………………………………………………………………………6
Research strategy……………………………………………………………………………………6
Design and Approach………………………………………………………………………………6
Sample and Sampling Procedure………………………………………………………………6
Data collection and Instrumentation………………………………………………………….7
Analysis and Presentation…………………………………………………………………………7
Discussion:……………………………………………………………………………………………….9
Conclusion:……………………………………………………………………………………………….10
References…………………………………………………………………………………………………11
Introduction: Who asked you to write about Diabetes??? Who asked you to write anything about it? Is this in the guidelines??? 英国文献综述代写
Type II diabetes, which increases with age affects about 20% of adults above the age of 65 in the US alone, represents 9 out every 10 cases of diabetes. Nevertheless, middle aged adults from the age of 45 years have increased chances of developing diabetes hence it is recommended they get screened for diabetes early enough to check for any elevated glucose levels.
This is generally followed by subsequent testing every 3 years. Early detection and proper management of diabetes can help in reducing the risks of diabetic complications that can develop and upgrade to diseases such as macro-vascular disease, micro-vascular diseases such as blindness (that may result from diabetic retinopathy) and renal failure. Macro-vascular diseases that tend to have higher risk of developing due to diabetes include hypertension, sedentary lifestyle and obesity. Early detection and management can also reduce the cost of and risks related to glycemic management issues at later stages of the diabetes. 英国文献综述代写
Even though diabetes is generally prevalent among adults from the age of 45 years and above, the US national guideline for diagnosis and management of diabetes (with specificity to type II) recommends screening at 18 years of age.
Thus, the guidelines give its target population as all adult patients from the age of 18 and above with prediabetes or with type II diabetes mellitus. 英国文献综述代写
The objectives of the national guidelines include provision of broad-spectrum approach to the diagnosis and management of type II diabetes among adults. Another objective is to ensure optimal care for the patients hence achieve a controlled level of management of the disease and prevent progress to another level that might bring complications with it. With these objectives being met the guidelines when followed are able to ensure that risks of cardiovascular diseases that result from diabetes related complications are reduced and controlled. Lastly, by managing diabetes for the population between the age of 18 and 75, the guidelines work to ensure that high-risk population for diabetes is well catered for hence prevalence of the disease checked.
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简介：谁让你写关于糖尿病的文章？？？谁让你写任何关于它的东西？这是在指南中吗？？？
仅在美国，随着年龄增长而增加的 II 型糖尿病影响约 20% 的 65 岁以上的成年人，每 10 例糖尿病就有 9 例。然而，45 岁以上的中年人患糖尿病的机会增加，因此建议他们尽早接受糖尿病筛查，以检查是否有任何升高的血糖水平。
这之后通常每 3 年进行一次后续测试。糖尿病的早期发现和适当管理有助于降低糖尿病并发症的风险，这些并发症可以发展和升级为诸如大血管疾病、失明（可能由糖尿病视网膜病变引起）和肾功能衰竭等微血管疾病等疾病。由于糖尿病而往往具有较高发展风险的大血管疾病包括高血压、久坐的生活方式和肥胖症。早期检测和管理还可以降低糖尿病后期血糖管理问题的成本和风险。
尽管糖尿病在 45 岁及以上的成年人中普遍流行，但美国国家糖尿病诊断和管理指南（针对 II 型）建议在 18 岁时进行筛查。
因此，该指南将其目标人群定为所有 18 岁及以上患有前驱糖尿病或 II 型糖尿病的成年患者。
国家指南的目标包括为成人 II 型糖尿病的诊断和管理提供广谱方法。另一个目标是确保为患者提供最佳护理，从而实现对疾病的控制水平，并防止进展到可能带来并发症的另一个水平。随着这些目标的实现，遵循这些准则能够确保降低和控制由糖尿病相关并发症导致的心血管疾病风险。最后，通过管理 18 至 75 岁人群的糖尿病，该指南致力于确保糖尿病的高危人群得到很好的照顾，从而检查疾病的流行情况。
Background & Justification: 英国文献综述代写
Diabetes starts showing signs of development in the middle ages of adulthood when an individual advances past the age of 45 years. Once the condition has commenced, other complications slowly start creeping in and these may later lead to complications that may become fatal and life threatening. These complications include cardiovascular-related complications such as hypertension. If the condition progresses to diabetic retinopathy, this is highly likely to cause blindness in the individual suffering from diabetes. 英国文献综述代写
While diabetes type II is the most prevalent type accounting for about 90% of all cases of diabetes, both types of diabetes must be managed and risks of progressing into higher complications mitigated. Research studies carried out in the past show that detecting the diabetes early enables its management to be less haunting since while management starts early complications do not develop as quickly. While many studies seem to target management of diabetes among ‘old aged diabetic patients, there seems to be insufficient attempts into exploring how diabetes can be optimally managed among the middle aged patients. This creates a gap in the existing body of literature hence the need to come up with integrated ways of managing diabetes by first looking at the little that has been done and consolidating the recommended approaches before making any recommendations.
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背景和理由： 英国文献综述代写
当一个人超过 45 岁时，糖尿病在成年中期开始出现发展迹象。一旦病情开始，其他并发症就会慢慢开始蔓延，这些并发症可能会在以后导致可能致命和危及生命的并发症。这些并发症包括心血管相关并发症，如高血压。如果病情发展为糖尿病视网膜病变，则极有可能导致患有糖尿病的个体失明。
虽然 II 型糖尿病是最常见的类型，约占所有糖尿病病例的 90%，但必须管理这两种类型的糖尿病，并降低进展为更高并发症的风险。过去进行的研究表明，及早发现糖尿病可以减少对其管理的困扰，因为在管理开始时，早期并发症不会发展得那么快。虽然许多研究似乎针对“老年糖尿病患者”的糖尿病管理，但似乎没有足够的尝试探索如何在中年患者中最佳地管理糖尿病。这在现有文献中造成了空白，因此需要通过首先查看已完成的工作并在提出任何建议之前整合推荐的方法来提出综合管理糖尿病的方法。
The pressure to improve diabetes care and management results from its endemic nature, which has made it one of the top chronic diseases globally (Eriksson et al 2001).
Currently, approximately three out of a hundred people in the world are diagnosed with diabetes, though it could still go higher with time (Townsend et al 2008). The number of diabetes victims is projected to increase radically, from 171 million in 2000 to 300 million in 2025 and 366 million in 2030 (Eriksson et al 2001). And even the developing world is having a fair share of this as the bulk of the increases are predicted in the developing countries. 英国文献综述代写
This means that diabetes care and management becomes an issue worth concern and attention due to its global implication. The treatment procedure for diabetes involves pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. To lessen the incident rate of the effects, the value of HbA1c less than 7% turns out to be a golden rule for diabetes care. Nonetheless, to realize the objective, pharmacological treatment by itself is hardly adequate, and self-management is desirable that obliges patients to adjust their lifestyles.
This subject has been a big obstacle in diabetes care and management because the patients’ behaviors are not easy to be managed by the healthcare professionals single-handedly.
As a chronic illness, the conventional healthcare strategy where the majority of the fundamental care has to be carried out by the patients themselves at home has been found to be less effective in assuring good quality of diabetes care. People suffering from diabetes are the most important persons for the anticipated outcome to be achieved. 英国文献综述代写
Consequently, chronic care strategies are developed to deal with the problems in which the health care service providers and patients relate in a way that is far removed from the traditionally understood sense of healthcare-provider-patient relationship. The strategies that are developed mostly view the patient as part of the health care team. With all these covered, there is sufficient justification for the important role the discourse can play and it is therefore hoped that after completion of the study in the form of critical review of literature, the majority of identified gaps in diabetes care shall be sealed by coming up with a comprehensive approach to managing diabetes among middle aged patients.
译文：
改善糖尿病护理和管理的压力源于糖尿病的地方病性质，使其成为全球最常见的慢性疾病之一（Eriksson 等人，2001 年）。
目前，世界上大约有 100 人中有 3 人被诊断出患有糖尿病，但随着时间的推移，这一数字仍可能更高（Townsend 等人 2008）。预计糖尿病患者的数量将急剧增加，从 2000 年的 1.71 亿增加到 2025 年的 3 亿和 2030 年的 3.66 亿（Eriksson 等，2001）。甚至发展中世界也在其中占有相当大的份额，因为预计大部分增长将发生在发展中国家。
这意味着糖尿病护理和管理因其具有全球意义而成为值得关注和关注的问题。糖尿病的治疗程序包括药物治疗和非药物治疗。为了降低影响的发生率，低于 7% 的 HbA1c 值被证明是糖尿病护理的黄金法则。尽管如此，要实现这一目标，仅靠药物治疗是不够的，还需要自我管理，迫使患者调整生活方式。
这个问题一直是糖尿病护理和管理的一大障碍，因为患者的行为不容易由医疗保健专业人员一手管理。
作为一种慢性疾病，大多数基本护理必须由患者自己在家中进行的传统医疗保健策略已被发现在确保高质量的糖尿病护理方面效果较差。患有糖尿病的人是实现预期结果的最重要的人。
因此，制定了长期护理策略来处理卫生保健服务提供者和患者之间的关系，这与传统理解的医疗保健提供者-患者关系的意义相去甚远。制定的策略主要将患者视为医疗团队的一部分。所有这些都涵盖了，有充分的理由证明话语可以发挥的重要作用，因此希望在以批判性文献审查的形式完成研究后，糖尿病护理中的大多数已确定的差距将通过制定全面的方法来管理中年患者的糖尿病。
Aim, Objectives and Purpose of the proposed Review: 英国文献综述代写
The main aim of the critical literature review will be to explore ways which have been proposed by past studies aimed at helping middle aged diabetic patients in reducing the incidence and severity of complications that result from diabetes. In order to fulfill the objectives of the undertaking, a number of questions shall have to be answered. The following are the questions that shall guide the study:
- What measures can help in mitigating diabetes incidence among middle aged diabetic patients?
- How can the severity of diabetes-related complications be optimally managed among middle aged diabetic patients? 英国文献综述代写
- At what age should screening for diabetes start to make its management easier for patients in the middle aged patients?
- Are there any demographic predictors of approaches to be taken in management of diabetes for middle aged diabetic patients?
With these questions set, the objective of the study shall be to explore measures that have been identified by various researchers and research studies that can help in proper and optimal management of diabetes among middle aged diabetic patients to lessen the incidence and severity of diabetes related complications. This shall also include exploring the best agreed moment for diabetes screening based on the studies and also investigating if demographic attributes of patients act as determinants in the approaches to be taken in managing diabetes and related complications.
译文：
拟议审查的目的、目标和目的：
批判性文献综述的主要目的是探索过去研究提出的方法，旨在帮助中年糖尿病患者降低糖尿病并发症的发生率和严重程度。为了实现承诺的目标，必须回答一些问题。以下是指导研究的问题：
- 哪些措施有助于降低中年糖尿病患者的糖尿病发病率？
- 如何在中年糖尿病患者中优化控制糖尿病相关并发症的严重程度？
- 应该从几岁开始筛查糖尿病，以便中年患者更容易管理？
- 对于中年糖尿病患者的糖尿病管理方法，是否有任何人口统计学预测因素？
有了这些问题，本研究的目的将是探索各种研究人员和研究确定的措施，这些措施可以帮助中年糖尿病患者正确和最佳地管理糖尿病，以降低糖尿病相关并发症的发生率和严重程度。 .这还应包括根据研究探索糖尿病筛查的最佳商定时刻，并调查患者的人口统计特征是否在管理糖尿病和相关并发症的方法中起决定因素的作用。
Methodology:
Research Strategy
In this discourse, the research will apply qualitative research strategies in order to capture all aspects of the data that are intended to be collected. Through this model, hypotheses shall also be tested in order to assess the impact of variability in the data from the various studies to be reviewed.
The qualitative approach shall be helpful in examining the various approaches that have been used or recommended within the past 10 years while exploring the various factors that may act as demographic indicators or determinants of how management of diabetes should be carried out. By evaluating the aspects in this format, it shall be possible to come up with or propose strategies to be adopted by the relevant diabetes management institutions and individuals to ensure utmost management of the disease and reduce its severity among middle aged patients. It will also help in making recommendations for future research where a gap is deemed to exist. 英国文献综述代写
The research design for this study is of the explorative type, and mechanisms of helping to manage diabetes among middle aged patients are the subject of the exploration. Ayelet et al (2008), state that explorative studies are undertaken when the main aim is to clarify certain aspects and uncover variables that might be associated with an identified problem.
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方法： 英国文献综述代写
研究策略
在本文中，研究将应用定性研究策略，以获取拟收集的数据的所有方面。通过该模型，还应检验假设，以评估来自待审查的各种研究的数据可变性的影响。
定性方法应有助于检查过去 10 年中使用或推荐的各种方法，同时探索可能作为人口统计学指标或应如何进行糖尿病管理的决定因素的各种因素。通过对这种格式的方面进行评估，可以提出或提出策略供相关糖尿病管理机构和个人采用，以确保最大限度地管理疾病并降低中年患者的严重程度。它还有助于为未来的研究提出建议，其中认为存在差距。
本研究为探索性研究设计，探索中年糖尿病患者管理机制。 Ayelet 等人 (2008) 指出，当主要目的是澄清某些方面并发现可能与已识别问题相关的变量时，就会进行探索性研究。
Design and Approach
The methodology of approach to the review shall basically be qualitative although elements of quantitative nature shall be reported since most research studies generally report their findings descriptively and in a quantitative fashion. A qualitative research design has several advantages, which the proposed study stands to benefit from. First, it provides depth and detail. This is because the qualitative approach allows for a researcher to explore deeply into a particular subject matter and dig out every detail without taking heed to limitations put in place by parameters such as those in quantitative studies (Gupta 2011). 英国文献综述代写
When qualitative research involves going out in the field, it creates openness thereby encouraging people to expand on their responses and can open up new topic areas not initially considered in previous research studies. For the desk-based critical review of literature, a qualitative undertaking not only creates room for thorough exploration of a topic but also helps in identifying holes and gaps in the past studies. This approach is also advantageous in that it tends to simulate the individual researcher’s approach and experience during the research study and attempts to avoid pre-judgments as much as possible.
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设计和方法 英国文献综述代写
审查方法应基本上是定性的，尽管应报告定量性质的要素，因为大多数研究通常以描述性和定量的方式报告其结果。定性研究设计有几个优点，拟议的研究将从中受益。首先，它提供了深度和细节。这是因为定性方法允许研究人员深入探索特定主题并挖掘每个细节，而无需注意定量研究中的参数（Gupta 2011）所施加的限制。
当定性研究涉及到该领域时，它会创造开放性，从而鼓励人们扩大他们的反应，并可以开辟以前研究中最初没有考虑过的新主题领域。对于基于案头的文献批判性审查，定性工作不仅为深入探索某个主题创造了空间，还有助于找出过去研究中的漏洞和差距。这种方法的优点还在于它倾向于模拟研究人员在研究过程中的方法和经验，并尽可能避免预先判断。
Sample and Sampling Procedure
The material that shall be reviewed under the study shall comprise peer-reviewed journals and studies published and available in various medical and nursing databases, most of which are available online such as EBSCO, British Medical Journal or journal of clinical diabetes among other peer reviewed repositories. In order for a particular study or journal to be included for critical review it shall have to fulfill some initial requirements. First, the study must have focused on diabetes management among middle-aged adults. While it is expected that a substantial number of research studies have tackled the subject of management of diabetes in all ages, reducing the subject matter to middle aged adults shall provide more room for enhanced focus.
In addition, it is not possible to critically review all the studies that have been carried out even in a small area of the subject alone hence the need to sample out a number of studies to review.
For this reason, a sample of between 25 and 30 studies shall be critically reviewed and backed by support from another 30 to 40 peer-reviewed sources bringing the entire review to about 55 to 70 studies under review. 英国文献综述代写
Another requisite for inclusion for review is that the study to be reviewed must have been carried out and published within the past 10 years. The most recent the studies are the better for this requisite to be met. After establishing that the available body of literature fulfils the laid down requirements, then those to be reviewed shall be selected randomly from the vast body. Therefore, stratified random sampling will be used whereby a guiding questionnaire will be used to guide the researchers on areas to explore and the questions that need to be answered upfront.
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样品和取样程序
研究中应审查的材料应包括在各种医学和护理数据库中发表和可用的同行审查期刊和研究，其中大部分可在线获取，例如 EBSCO、英国医学杂志或临床糖尿病杂志以及其他同行审查的知识库.为了将特定的研究或期刊纳入严格审查，它必须满足一些初始要求。首先，该研究必须关注中年人的糖尿病管理。虽然预计大量研究已经解决了所有年龄段的糖尿病管理主题，但将主题减少到中年人将提供更多的空间来加强关注。
此外，即使是在该主题的一个小范围内，也不可能对所有已开展的研究进行严格审查，因此需要抽取大量研究进行审查。
出于这个原因，25 到 30 项研究的样本应经过严格审查，并得到另外 30 到 40 个同行审查来源的支持，使整个审查达到大约 55 到 70 项正在审查的研究。
纳入审查的另一个必要条件是，要审查的研究必须在过去 10 年内进行并发表。最近的研究更能满足这一要求。在确定可用的文献体满足规定的要求后，应从庞大的文献中随机选择要审查的文献。因此，将使用分层随机抽样，即使用指导性问卷来指导研究人员探索的领域和需要预先回答的问题。
Data collection and Instrumentation
As already pointed out, the study shall only focus on critical review of studies that have been done and which are peer reviewed or published in peer reviewed journals. While the review shall critically discuss the various research approaches used by the various studies under review, it shall also look at the validity of the results and if generalization is appropriate. For this reason, among the statistics to be looked at include the descriptive statistics reported by the study author or authors, the type of data collected, how it was collected, sample sizes used in each study, reliability and validity issues, research ethics observed that may impact the validity or authenticity of results, the means, standard deviations and statistical figures testing of any formulated hypotheses (Creswell 2003). 英国文献综述代写
In order to remain specific and on course with the objectives and effectively answer to the intended questions, a guiding questionnaire shall be employed.
There are various advantages of using a guiding questionnaire. Hewitt and Cramer (2007) state that qualitative research is targeted at comprehending human behaviors and reasons that govern those characters. The why and how of decision making are investigated by qualitative research design.
In qualitative research, smaller samples are mostly required as compared to bigger samples used in quantitative studies since validity and reliability of qualitative studies hinges on depth of analysis rather than extent of representation (Scott 2002). Qualitative data gained through the use of guiding questionnaire helps the research to analyze information in much less time as compared to interviewing people in a field-based study. This shall further help the researcher to come up with feasible conclusions relating to management of diabetes in middle aged patients. Nevertheless, the questions in the guiding questionnaire shall only act as a guide to arouse curiosity hence explore the subject further without going way out of the possible boundaries of exploration.
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数据收集和检测
正如已经指出的那样，该研究应只关注对已经完成的、经过同行评审或发表在同行评审期刊上的研究的批判性审查。虽然审查应批判性地讨论被审查的各种研究所使用的各种研究方法，但它也应着眼于结果的有效性以及概括是否合适。出于这个原因，要查看的统计数据包括研究作者或作者报告的描述性统计数据、收集的数据类型、收集方式、每项研究中使用的样本量、可靠性和有效性问题，研究伦理观察到可能会影响结果的有效性或真实性、均值、标准偏差和任何公式化假设的统计数字测试（Creswell 2003）。
为了保持目标的具体性和目标性并有效回答预期问题，应使用指导性问卷。
使用指导性问卷有多种优势。 Hewitt 和 Cramer (2007) 指出，定性研究的目标是理解支配这些角色的人类行为和原因。通过定性研究设计调查决策的原因和方式。
在定性研究中，与定量研究中使用的较大样本相比，通常需要较小的样本，因为定性研究的有效性和可靠性取决于分析的深度而不是表示的范围（Scott 2002）。与实地研究中的访谈人员相比，通过使用指导性问卷获得的定性数据有助于研究在更短的时间内分析信息。这将进一步帮助研究人员得出有关中年患者糖尿病管理的可行结论。尽管如此，引导性问卷中的问题只能作为引导，激发好奇心，从而进一步探索主题，而不会超出探索的可能边界。
Analysis and Presentation
There is evidence that one of the best approaches in analyzing and presenting information from critical review of literature type of undertaking is to report original and secondary data analysis (Gupta 2011). Given that this critical literature review is equated to secondary analysis, they share the complexity that goes with secondary analysis, that it is particularly imperative that the study design in the study being reviewed, methods and concerns raised are reported in full (Denzin & Lincoln 2000). 英国文献综述代写
Ideally, there will be every attempt to include an outline of the studies under review and procedures employed in data collection, alongside a description of the procedures used in categorizing and summarizing (if any is seen or deemed appropriate) the data for the secondary analysis. Besides these, the analysis and presentation shall also provide an account of how procedural and ethical considerations were addressed in the studies that will be reviewed (Bryman 2006). The whole thing shall be presented as a continuous analysis.
译文：
分析和演示
有证据表明，分析和呈现来自对文献类型的批判性审查的信息的最佳方法之一是报告原始和二手数据分析（Gupta 2011）。鉴于此批判性文献综述等同于二级分析，它们共享二级分析的复杂性，因此特别需要全面报告所审查研究中的研究设计、方法和提出的问题（Denzin & Lincoln 2000 ）。
理想情况下，将尽一切努力包括正在审查的研究的大纲和数据收集中采用的程序，以及对用于二级分析的数据进行分类和总结（如果有的话）的程序的描述。除此之外，分析和演示还应说明在将要审查的研究中如何解决程序和伦理问题（Bryman 2006）。整个事情应以连续分析的形式呈现。
Discussion:
Eriksson et al (2001) report that diabetes mellitus is among diseases that have increasingly become chronic world over thereby necessitating prevention and proper management as ways of tackling it. While the authors mainly focus their study on exploring strategies for prevention rather than management, they quip that early and proper diagnosis is a sure way to start managing the disease for those who develop it. In another study, Townsend et al (2008) carried out a study in which they investigated the best workaround for managing hypertension. The authors provide a roadmap to what they developed as the best approach by first hinting that the initial step in proper management of hypertension is proper and early diagnosis followed by evaluation, which should assess whether the hypertension is a sustained one or not. 英国文献综述代写
After stabling that it is sustained, it should be determined whether it is primary or secondary hypertension after which the patient is assessed for other cardiovascular risk factors. Lastly, evidence of target organ damage is assessed (Townsend et al 2008). This observation is also supported by the recommendations of the national guidelines for diagnosis and management of type II diabetes, which put prevention at the forefront of management by recommending for glucose tolerance tests and frequent monitoring and follow-ups, including patient education and pharmacological therapy to be carried out (National Guideline Clearinghouse 2012).
Change of life style for the patients is also a factor that has been well explored as a booster to ensuring effectiveness of laid down diabetes management strategies (Eriksson et al 2001).
Patients must be told the importance of lifestyle change and why some lifestyles would jeopardize proper management of the disease and even lead to more severe complications.
Another approach that recurs in literature is the need to assess whether the diabetic patient needs stabilization or not. When the patient is in chronic state (for instance when the patient has developed hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state with damaged mental status, raised plasma osmolality that comprises plasma glucose higher than 600 mg/dL), is a pregnant mother with uncontrolled insulin-requiring diabetes or if a patient undergoes surgery that leads to significant hyperglycemia; it may be necessary for the patient to be hospitalized and put under inpatient stabilization in case of other severe conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia marked with neurogycopenia. 英国文献综述代写
Meanwhile, there are cases when the patient may need outpatient stabilization, for instance when the patient develops severe symptoms that include polydipsia and significant weight loss to necessitate immediate insulin treatment for diabetes type II. However, although these are cases of severe conditions, there are some self management techniques that form a core part of diabetes management. Among these techniques include providing patients with medical nutrition therapy, which if possible should be individualized to make sure the patients get the best out of the therapy. Physical activity is part of self management that recommends physical activity for the patients. Lastly, patients must engage in proper weight management regime as part of the lifestyle change strategy and then undertake psychosocial therapy for their emotional well-being.
译文：
讨论：
Eriksson 等人 (2001) 报告说，糖尿病是世界范围内日益成为慢性病的疾病之一，因此需要预防和适当的管理来解决它。虽然作者的研究主要集中在探索预防策略而不是管理策略上，但他们打趣说，早期和正确的诊断是开始管理疾病的可靠方法。在另一项研究中，Townsend 等人 (2008) 进行了一项研究，他们调查了管理高血压的最佳解决方法。作者提供了他们开发的最佳方法的路线图，首先暗示正确管理高血压的第一步是正确的早期诊断，然后是评估，评估高血压是否持续存在。
在稳定并持续后，应确定是原发性还是继发性高血压，然后评估患者的其他心血管危险因素。最后，评估靶器官损伤的证据（Townsend 等，2008）。这一观察结果也得到了国家 II 型糖尿病诊断和管理指南的建议的支持，该指南通过推荐葡萄糖耐量测试和频繁监测和随访，包括患者教育和药物治疗，将预防置于管理的最前沿。进行（国家指南信息交换所 2012）。
患者生活方式的改变也是一个被充分探索的因素，可作为确保糖尿病管理策略有效性的助推器（Eriksson 等人，2001 年）。
必须告诉患者生活方式改变的重要性，以及为什么某些生活方式会危及疾病的适当管理，甚至导致更严重的并发症。
另一种在文献中反复出现的方法是需要评估糖尿病患者是否需要稳定。当患者处于慢性状态时（例如，当患者出现高血糖高渗状态，精神状态受损，血浆渗透压升高，包括高于 600 mg/dL 的血浆葡萄糖），怀孕母亲患有未控制的需要胰岛素的糖尿病或如果患者接受导致显着高血糖的手术；如果出现其他严重情况，例如糖尿病酮症酸中毒或伴有神经性白血球减少症的低血糖症，则可能有必要让患者住院并进行住院治疗。
同时，在某些情况下，患者可能需要门诊稳定，例如当患者出现包括烦渴和显着体重减轻在内的严重症状时，需要立即对 II 型糖尿病进行胰岛素治疗。然而，尽管这些都是病情严重的情况，但有一些自我管理技术构成了糖尿病管理的核心部分。这些技术包括为患者提供医学营养疗法，如果可能的话，应该个性化以确保患者从治疗中获得最佳效果。体力活动是自我管理的一部分，为患者推荐体力活动。最后，作为生活方式改变策略的一部分，患者必须进行适当的体重管理，然后进行心理社会治疗以改善他们的情绪健康。
Conclusion: 英国文献综述代写
Prevalence of diabetes type II makes early detection and proper management essential kin reducing the incidence and severity of resulting complications such as hypertension among other vascular complications well under check and less severe. Besides lessening severity and incidence, proper management measures also help in reducing the cost of managing this condition. The importance of early detection and proper management of diabetes is stressed by the vast amount of research that has been directed into this subject and the setting up of national guidelines for detection and management of diabetes. The fact that the risks of diabetes related complications becoming severe increase with age lends support to proper management of this condition for patients in the middle adulthood. This approach also makes cost of managing it to go down significantly since the incidences and severe complications are kept at bay. 英国文献综述代写
By carrying out this critical literature review, it shall be possible to read from the minds of different researchers through studies and come up with a comprehensive formula for helping middle aged diabetic patients in terms of proper management of the condition to reduce costs incidence and severity of the complications that result. It will also be possible to identify areas that have not been explored effectively in the past studies hence make any recommendations deemed appropriate to achieve the goal of proper management of diabetes in the society.
译文：
结论：
II 型糖尿病的患病率使得早期发现和适当管理必不可少的亲属降低了由此产生的并发症的发生率和严重程度，例如高血压以及其他血管并发症得到很好的检查和较轻的严重程度。除了减轻严重程度和发病率外，适当的管理措施还有助于降低管理这种情况的成本。针对糖尿病的大量研究以及糖尿病检测和管理的国家指南的建立强调了糖尿病早期检测和适当管理的重要性。糖尿病相关并发症的风险随着年龄的增长而变得严重，这一事实支持对成年中期患者进行适当管理。这种方法也使得管理它的成本显着下降，因为发生率和严重的并发症被控制住了。
通过开展这一批判性文献回顾，可以通过研究从不同研究人员的思想中读出并提出一个综合公式，以帮助中年糖尿病患者正确管理病情，降低成本发生率和严重程度。导致的并发症。还可以确定过去研究中尚未有效探索的领域，从而提出任何认为合适的建议，以实现社会正确管理糖尿病的目标。
References 英国文献综述代写
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