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ENGL essay代写 South Africa is a country that has long since been the target of many corporations, due to its vast reserves of natural resources.
Introduction ENGL essay代写
South Africa is a country that has long since been the target of many corporations, due to its vast reserves of natural resources. The mines found in South Africa have an abundance of diamonds, therefore, it is also the leaders of producing diamonds. In the 17th Century, South Africa was colonized under the British rule. Descendants of the Dutch were being colonized by the English, due to which the colonies of Transvaal and Orange Free State were established. In the beginning of 1900s, the discovery of diamonds led to the Boer War when the English invaded the land. Eventually, there was a struggle for Independence from the British and an uneasy struggle continued regarding the sharing of power between the two parties.
In the 1940s, Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a majority, which led to the creation of apartheid. It was used as a means to cement control over the social and economic system of the country. At first, the objective of introducing apartheid was to maintain control of the white domination, and ensure racial separation. In the 1960s, however, the plan of the grand apartheid was put in place which focused on separation based on territories and police repression.
In 1948, when the apartheid law was enacted, racial discrimination was made a norm.
It was considered okay for people to exhibit their superiority based on color. Every aspect of social life was being governed by race laws, including the right to marriage, job opportunities, education opportunities, a race classification board was established, different residential areas were created for the two races, they could not mingle or be friends, communism was defined in such a manner that it could be changed according to any situation, and communists could also be banned from participating in political groups or organizations. People of color were assigned areas in which they could work or be trained as artisans, anybody found to be working in the Urban areas, was severely punished. ENGL essay代写
In 1956, an amendment was made in apartheid law, which prevented black people from voting, and the prime minister even had the right to evict anyone with black origin from their own lands, whether they were publicly or privately owned. Apartheid assured and safeguarded rights of the white people in all aspects, however, the rights of the black were ignored and overwritten intentionally. From 1976 to 1981, four of these homelands were created, denationalizing nine million South Africans.
The homeland administrations refused the nominal independence, maintaining pressure for political rights within the country as a whole. Nevertheless, Africans living in the homelands needed passports to enter South Africa: aliens in their own country (Academic Evergreen). The penalties that were imposed all kinds of protests were severe. States of emergency continued in intervals until 1989, where anyone could be detained by a low level officer, without being granted a hearing. There were many arrests and thousands of people who had been brought into custody died due to immense torture. People who did receive a trial were either imprisoned for life, sentenced to death, or banished.
Effect of Colonialism on Apartheid
The impact of colonialism on the world has often been viewed in negative terms. What is sad to note is that this has led to the destruction of many economies, and cultures, and has also resulted in thousands of deaths. It is true that the objective of colonization was to extract the resources of the country and reap their benefits. However, in doing so, the British ended up making things worse for the residents of the country and eventually created further problems which led to warfare and bloodshed.
The effect of colonization on the education and lifestyle of the residents of South Africa were severe. There is no university in many of the cities, and very few Africans are educated. Colonialism’s effects whether in the past or present are also quite apparent. It is not an overstatement when Edem Kodjo, who authored ‘Africa Tomorrow’ describes the condition of Africa as “torn away from the past, and propelled into a universe fashioned from outside that suppresses his values, and dumbfounded by a cultural invasion that marginalizes him. The African of today is a deformed image of many other people and cultures. ENGL essay代写
Its own culture and traditions got lost with the passage of time.
(Pheko, Motsoko, 2012). If we were to look at the strictly political and legal aspects of the apartheid, then the majority of the population was denied their rights, were brutally treated just to ensure superiority for the white people. As can be seen from the aforementioned examples and ideas, the colonial powers adopted and implemented such policies that ended up destroying the system rather than helping build an improved version.
Africa’s economics, politics, and culture was severely affected by the colonization, as instead of giving them their rights, the aim was to extract resources while making life difficult for the residents of the country. Black people needed passports to enter their own country, due to the Bantu Authorities Act. Africa’s traditional lifestyle, culture, their heritage, everything was destroyed as a result of colonization. The British and other European powers who were invested in extracting the resources did not have the interests of Africa in mind, all they did care about was suppressing the people and gaining benefits of the resources they accessed through mining activities led by the black people.
1.Much of the land which was owned by the Black people, i.e. the people of Africa was taken away, either for commercial use or for personal use. They identified the best land and called it their own, by passing such laws that were in their favor.
2.The ruling party required many workers for the land, which including mining, and managing their farms. The residents of Africa served as cheap labor, as they had to adhere to the new rules in order to survive. Having lost their lands, and in order to find work, people started moving to other towns or mines, in which they had to face horrid working conditions, since it often involved receiving corporal punishment. Additionally, there was shortage of food as it was provided in the form of rations, and the wages were extremely low, leaving very little for the families. The Africans faced a tough time during this period.
3.Additionally, the Africans were taxed heavily, because the governing colonies were not receiving aid from the mother countries, due to which there was shortage of funds and finances were low. What little that the people of Africa earned would have to be paid off in the form of taxes. While using African labor, the taxes also had to be paid by them which made it necessary for them to work for the colonial government.
4.In the 1920s the policy of forced labor was introduced, due to the loss of much of the manpower in the previous world wars.
Due to this, many of the Africans forced to work on farms, mines, and even in towns. Men were separated from their families, which in turn cause a lot of problems for their families. Villages lacked the manpower which could have been used to produce food, and help prevent famine, however, famine increased and it became difficult for the people to survive. Prostitution and homosexuality increased, and traditional village life was also alienated. This resulted in the decline of power of the village chiefs, which led to creation of increased tension between the Africans and foreign immigrants.
5.The economic structure of the African economy was also changed with the introduction of cash crops and commercial crops. Those crops which were more important for industrial usage were given priority over simple crops that may have addressed the issues of famine and strife. Coffee, cocoa, tea, and cotton were focused on to be produced in large scale, and the mining of minerals took place extensively. All the crops that were produced were exported to the home countries, and the prices were non-negotiable as they were decided by investors and parties from the home countries as well. Trade was not allowed between Africans, who were the ones doing all the hard work and taking care of the issues being faced out in the field. ENGL essay代写
6.On top of all this, the colonial powers taking care of the country and extracting all the natural resources did not have any plans to modernize or industrialize the nation. While Africa produced all the raw materials that were then sent to the home country for production, they were in turn important in the form of finished goods from the home country and sold at higher rates. Money making and capitalization was their primary focus, and many of the Africans could not afford to pay for these products. While the products were being consumed by the white people leading and governing the colonies, the masses could not avail these products due to high price points.
From all the points stated above, it can be seen that colonization had an immensely negative impact on the economy and culture of Africa.
Their people suffered as even the most basic rights were stripped from them. The people of the country were exploited, forced to leave their homes, and taxed in an unfairly manner. There were no plans to industrialize the economy or even modernize it. In turn conditions for the country and its people worsened, until civil wars and protests broke out and lead to the deaths of many of the residents. However, over the past couple of years things have significantly improved.
Approximately 60 percent of the budget as decided by the government is allocated to social wage, and this expenditure has, over the years, doubled in real terms over the past decade. Per capita spending on health has also doubled in the same period, now even the poorest of the residents can avail basic education for free, making them 60 percent of learners, and the level of hunger which was reported by the people has been reduced to half of what it was. More than 15 million people receive social assistance, enrolment in primary schools is approximately 98 percent, and nearly 3 million houses and housing units have been constructed to serve as homes for poor people. Access to basic services such as piped water, sanitation, electricity and refuse removal have all improved, all contributing to a decline in both absolute and relative poverty, and to improving equality of opportunity.
Over the past 20 years, the rate of unemployment has remained stagnant at 20 percent; a huge improvement over the apartheid era. (Philip, Kate, Mbofholowo Tsedu and Meshack Zwane, 2014). The situation has significantly improved over the 20th century, however, there are still many things that require attention, such as basic necessities and amenities. The people who are unemployed are either not covered through any kinds of social protection.
The employment rate needs to be reduced further and the living conditions need to be improved as well.
While apartheid ended over 20 years ago, the first generation of free people who were born after that era is now entering their high schools and colleges and only some have entered the labor market; most of the people who are of working-age have experienced apartheid, which still affects their lives in one form or another and the opportunities that they are provide today (Philip, Kate, Mbofholowo Tsedu and Meshack Zwane, 2014). ENGL essay代写
However, inequality in terms of employment opportunities and the challenges faced by the people of Africa are still there and need to be addressed. Additionally, the discrimination that was faced by the people during the apartheid era is still experienced by many people of Africa. The revolution came due to the struggle of Nelson Mandela, and many of his supporters, many of whom even died to bring about the change, however, situations haven’t improved entirely and it will take another fifty years for things to become normal for the people of Africa, with basic amenities, like health care, food, and education being available to every individual without any discrimination. Job opportunities also need to be increased and made available for all of the people while providing each person equal opportunity for employment. Poverty and inequality – both aggravated by unemployment – are two of the most significant challenges for South Africa (Philip, Kate, Mbofholowo Tsedu and Meshack Zwane, 2014).
Barriers to Economic Development ENGL essay代写
After World War II, the economic growth prospects for South Africa were considered to be high and the country was thought to be the “Japan of Africa” (Rattso, Jorn, and Hildegunn E. Stokke).
The growth was to be based on openness and industrial development and diversification, however, this trend came to an abrupt halt in the 1970s when the country faced a long period of stagnation. Pritchett (2000) describes South Africa as a ‘mountain’, where the per capita growth over 1.5% per year changed to negative numbers (Rattso, Jorn, and Hildegunn E. Stokke). There were many barriers to economic development, and income distribution was sill biased. Due to intense racism, income was not distributed equally, rather it was distributed in an unfair and unjust manner.
People who actually worked hard to make ends meet were given low wages based on color and creed whereas those who were ruling would reap all the benefits and earn even higher from the rightful ones. Economic growth was turned into stagnation during the sanction period, but the recovery of growth later has been slow. Interestingly, even the unskilled labor’s relative wage has been steadily growing even during times of sanctions. The internal struggle over Apartheid was highly significant for the stagnation during the late 1970s and 1980s, however, most people are surprised that the growth rate have never caught up to the apartheid year. The opening of the economy post-Apartheid has stimulated productivity growth, but not nearly back to old growth rates (Rattso, Jorn, and Hildegunn E. Stokke).
Many barrier models were used to identify the reasons for the lack of growth and also to identify why the growth never reached the same rate as the apartheid era.
During the international sanctions, the economic growth was held back, because of reduced spillover by international parties. Perhaps it was because the unjust manner in which the people of Africa were being exploited was no longer in play, or simply because the resources had depleted from the level at which they were available in the early 1920s. ENGL essay代写
However, the cause for the slow economic development has not been apparent, and yet South Africa has not been able to reach the level of growth that everybody thought it could. In the recent years, South Africa has become one of the most corrupt countries in the world and the level of corruption has been increasing with the passage of time. One of the primary factors affecting growth in the country is its ever changing government policy which at times contradicts the previously implemented practices.
The country needs to grow at a high pace if they are to reduce unemployment and poverty, however, this has not been possible due to two major reasons. The first is that expenditure to redress the apartheid legacy has reduced the resources available for investments in the knowledge economy through investments in research and development, infrastructure and tertiary education. The second reason is that many of the government’s honorable and justifiable goals have been accompanied by large amounts of wastage, policy experimentation and cronyism (Cilliers, Jakkie, 2015).
However, external factors are also affecting the performance of the country.
In recent years, the country could have had better economic growth had it not been because of the weaker than expected impact of global economic recovery. This was an important trading partner for South Africa, however, due to the decline in its performance the country also suffered. Domestic policy has been changing every few years due to poor leadership on part of the government and a lack of direction and vision from the selected leaders.
What it needs to do is become aware of where the country needs to head, and how? A clear sense of direction would not only help the country in overcoming the issues it is currently facing, but, it will also help them in overcoming the internal and domestic strife that they are currently facing. Corruption has a huge role to play in the downfall of the economy. While the country has a lot of potential, there is still that is lacking in both the government as well as the people of South Africa. The desire to make things better, and improve the lifestyle will eventually incite in them the passion to help their country grow and achieve the economic growth that most believe to be possible.
The Evolution of South Africa ENGL essay代写
The popular image of South Africa’s transition after it was freed from apartheid is of a “miracle” (Waldmeir 1997) that helped the country achieve a peaceful move to democracy under the leadership of Nelson Mandela (Kaufman, Stuard J. 2012). However, this was a false presumption on part of the world, as the transition was anything but peaceful. While Nelson Mandela led the movement and helped free the people of Africa from apartheid, he was not fit for leading the country out of the economic mess it has dug itself into. The leadership that the country needed was of President F. W. de Klerk. During the decade of transition, South Africa experienced a minimum of two civil wars, which resulted in the death of more than 20,000 people.
The first phase remained between 1985-1986, in which there was an uproar in the black townships, which was inspired by the United Democratic Front allies, and the African National Congress party. Many other terrorist campaigns were also backed and funded by the same party. This uprising resulted in the deaths of between 2,000 and 3,000 people— most famously the hundreds who were “necklaced,” or burnt to death with a flaming tire around their necks, by pro-ANC township youths (Kaufman, Stuard J. 2012). It was brought to a stop because the government declared a state of emergency. Due to this the rate, caused by political violence was cut in half.
However, the next stage of the violence was much worse, as the supporters of the two parties were pit against the supporters of Zulu of the Inkatha movement and many other parties got involved as well.
This fight resulted in the deatlth of over 15,000 people between 198 and 1995. However, since the government was no part of the rebellion, it cannot be considered as a civil war. The two main rounds of fighting were brought to an end by President F. W. Klerk. He courageously passed the point of no return early in his presidency by unbanning the ANC and other opposition groups, and who managed to keep his reformist government on the path to a negotiated settlement in the face of fierce opposition by hard-line opponents (Kaufman, Stuard J. 2012).
The results of these events were that may predispositions that were symbolic in nature and in favor of apartheid eroded with the passage of time. However, this was associated with the economic troubles that were being faced by the country as it was becoming isolated from the world. De Klerk was known for his credibility which is one of the main reasons the negotiations went smoothly between all parties. White and Black voters alike, all supported him and his views were welcomed with open arms. The ANC, for its part, had nothing to lose from joining the talks. ANC narratives had always focused on the injustice of apartheid, favoring a strategy of peaceful mass protest; “armed struggle,” they claimed, was a last resort. The final agreement achieved the ANC objective of majority rule, with the temporary concession of a transitional period of power sharing (Kaufman, Stuard J. 2012).
South Africa’s transition from apartheid to a democracy that was supported by all races is one of the most significant events of the century.
After the peaceful negotiation, the democratic bargain is still being held, and even though there are still high rates of unemployment in the country, the life of an average South African, no matter to which race they belong had improved. Things have definitely economically improved as compared to the last years of apartheid.
The final constitution established three important principles for the governance of the new federal democracy. First, it accepted the geographical boundaries of the nine provinces, and thus their anticipated political control. Second, provinces were given responsibility for the provision of fundamental services—K–12 education, health services, and housing—and for the administration of transfers to the poor and elderly. Third, the national government was required to share national tax revenues with the provinces to finance assigned provincial services (Inman, Robert P. and Daniel L. Rubinfield). ENGL essay代写
Eventually most of the supporters of ANC wanted to follow a more moderate path, even though the party kept on making a radical decisions. This was primarily done to ensure that the party had the upper hand during negotiations, and that they could leverage it based on the disorder on the streets. This was one of the things that was of concern for them. However, with the passage of time things improved and democracy had a strong role to play in calming down the tense situation in the country. With time the economy started to grow and the lives of South Africa’s residence show a significant turn. Even so, as mentioned previously, there are still many things that need to be looked and considered in order to make conditions even better. Also, the level of corruption needs to be addressed, otherwise, it will become difficult to manage the increasing disarray among the people.
Conclusion
The democratic end of apartheid was brought forth by the hard work of many people, one of whom is the renowned and celebrated Nelson Mandela. However, his efforts were not effective in bringing about the change that was necessary to bring about democracy the country. By the end of apartheid, many parties had formed who were each fighting for a separate cause. The one who brought them together was W. F. Klerk.
Apartheid resulted in many injustices being carried out in the name of law by the governing authority. Additionally, it resulted in the creation of many issues for the people of South Africa For example, interracial marriages were banned, and anybody found to be interacting with a person of another race could be condemned for life, whereas, education, lifestyle, property facilities were forcefully taken away from the Black people, who made up a large proportion of the population.
On the other hand, the resources that were being mined and farmed were being exported to the home country, which resulted in famine.
The exported raw materials were used for industrialization in Europe and imported at higher rates. These products could not be bought by the masses, as they were priced higher, and due to taxation, whatever little they learned, they could not spend on high priced products. Shortage of rations resulted in fights over food, at which severe punishments were laid out. ENGL essay代写
Things looked dull until finally, through negotiations and understanding between the parties, it finally ended in 1994. Policies were introduced to ensure that people from all races would get a better lifestyle. And now, things have finally improved enough to help sustain the economy, however, the level of corruption and lack of basic amenities needs to be addressed.
Bibliography ENGL essay代写
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